1. 智歌投影仪cx6说明书
家里要购买洗衣机的话,就要注意做好保养工作,避免洗衣机出现故障,影响了使用。洗衣机在使用中出现故障要及时查找原因并进行维修。市面上常见的洗衣机(海尔,美的等品牌)。
洗衣机零件介绍
电机和电容
电机是发动力,可驱动渡轮完成衣服的洗涤和脱水。电容一般洗衣机是用单项电容起动式,主要作用是增大电动机的启动力矩。
程序控制器
简称程控器,是控制洗衣机系统的中心部件,整个洗衣机的操作都是由程控器来支配的,它的结构较为复杂,有机械式(电机式)和电脑式(电子式)之分。
水位开关
为控制水量,还设计水位开关。水位开关一般有3-4档,使用时可按衣服量选择水位,当达到指定水位时,水位开关会将电磁进水阀的电路切断,从而停止进水。之后,在通过程控器,将电机电路接通,开始洗涤工作。
安全开关
它主要是起到安全保障的作用,当洗衣机的盖子被打开,洗衣机就会停止脱水工作,会把电源切断,还会把电磁铁的电路处在刹车状态,这样保证了使用的安全性。
电磁进水阀
电磁进水阀位于洗衣机上罩的后部,是为洗衣机进水的自动控制系统而设计的。当需要进水时,程控器将它的电路接通,可以打开进水通道,向洗衣机内注水。
排水电磁铁
与排水阀连接在一起,用于排水阀开启和关闭,主要作用是通过刹车带抱紧或放松脱水轴,完成脱水准备和刹车工作。
洗衣机故障
通过洗衣机不同的情况表现,甄别出具体的故障点出在什么地方。判断出洗衣机故障后,在对症下药,具体对应故障如下:
不进水
1、进水阀线圈短路引起线圈骨架变形,使铁芯始终封闭泄压孔,引起进水阀不进水;
2、铁芯弹簧生锈,使铁芯不能上、下移动,始终封闭泄压孔,引起进水阀不进水;
3、泄压孔被堵(如沙子、异物等),使控制腔内水无法流出,于是控制腔内的静压力迅速升。
脱水无力
1、皮带松弛,磨损拉长,使皮带运转打滑无法带动脱水桶运转,引起脱水无力;
2、离合器方线扭簧磨损直径变大生锈,使方线扭簧无法抱紧脱水轴带动脱水桶正常运转,引起脱水无力。
电容损坏
电容损坏一般会易引起洗涤,脱水无力,电机不转动
离合器损坏
洗衣机出现脱水声音大,脱水无力,只能单向反转,不能正转,离合器抱簧坏的情况出现。当衣服少的情况下机器能够保证有一个比较高的初速度使得机器尽快高速旋转起来。而衣服多了以后机器没法产生一个较高的初速度从而使得洗衣桶摆动变大。
控制板损坏
洗衣机控制板损坏会出现电机无法转动,不脱水和不进水等故障。
排水电机损坏
排水电机正常值应为4.5~5.1kΩ。洗衣机甩干桶电机的阻值一般是主绕组为65到95欧。副绕组为110到200欧。洗衣机的额定电压是200V,即洗衣机在电压时220V才能正常工作,洗衣机的洗涤时的额定功率是360W,即洗衣机在220V时,洗涤的功率是360W,洗衣机的最大工作电流为5A。洗衣机主要是在水位开关与电磁进水阀之间的调控进行进水跟排水的的,在一定的情况下,排水跟排水以及电机开关,可以实现自动化的控制,水位开关说白了就是一个压力开关而已。然后洗衣机的气室入口与洗衣机的衣桶是相互连接的。具体阻值还得依机型来定,详情请看洗衣机说明书。选用电阻时常有阻值选择的问题,往往遇到选用的阻值是不常用电阻,或特殊阻值很难制造的贴片、插件电阻。
皮带松
造成洗衣机皮带松掉的主要是以下原因:1、皮带受潮。2、皮带使用时间过长导致受损。
放水异常
1、进水电磁阀损坏,造成水阀不工作水无法进入管路。
2、进水电磁阀连接线断,使电磁阀无驱动电压而不工作最终水无法进入管路。
3、进水电磁阀驱动电路故障,造成电磁阀无法正常开启,水无法注入管路。
4、可能是排水开关损坏,使开关闭死不动,水无法排出。
5、可能是排水口堵塞,排水口内部有异物造成排水口严重堵塞而无法排水。
6,容器内的水位传感器,将感受到的水位信号传送到控制器,控制器内的计算机将实测的水位信号与设定信号进行比较,得出偏差,然后根据偏差的性质,向给水电动阀发出"开""关"的指令,保证容器达到设定水位。进水程序完成后,温控部份的计算机向供给热媒的电动阀发出"开"的指令,于是系统开始对容器内的水进行加热。到设定温度时。控制器才发出关阀的命令、切断热源,系统进入保温状态。洗衣机水位传感器损坏的原因:导管破裂、入嘴与导管连接处漏气、内部隔膜穿孔、触点接触不良等。洗衣机水位传感器坏了会引起进水不良,有的洗衣机可能会引起脱水不良故障。
脱水异常
这种情况一般要检查;洗衣机甩水不平衡导致保护,吊杆、防撞开关都有可能出故障。显示故障代码的诊断方法,显示故障代码,维修并不难,一般情况下出现故障代码,应该检查安全开关,排水电机,控制板等。
1、洗衣机不工作则会显示“dE”“dE1”“dE2”,出现这种情况,应及时检查洗衣机的上盖或者机器门有没有关好。如果是波轮式,则将上盖关好,机器会自动恢复正常。滚筒式的话则检查衣物是否均匀放置在内筒里面,避免有衣物夹在门缝中,并确认门已关严,再次试机。
2、洗衣机显示e1,若是出现这类代码表示洗衣机排水超时,应及时检查洗衣机排水管是否被堵。
3、洗衣机显示H,若出现这种情况,一种是脱水安全门开关坏了,建议更换。第二种则是脱水电路异常。
故障排除
确认好故障点之后,就是针对性的去处理故障问题,不同的故障利用或修或换的方式进行排除,海尔洗衣机为例,具体方法如下:
解决方法
进水量未达到设定水位时就停止进水
1、可能是水压开关水位控制弹簧预压缩量变小,需要调节螺钉,增加水位控制弹簧的预压缩量,这个比较好解决。
2、若是水位控制弹簧弹力变小或失去弹性,那就需要更换水位控制弹簧,注意它的型号要相同。
进水量必须超过设定水位较多后才会停止进水
1、应该是水压开关集气室,容易导致气接嘴有堵塞或漏气的问题,先清洁导气接嘴处杂物,以后定期检查。
2、若使用时间比较长。导气软管出现老化扭结或破裂漏气,需要更换导气软管。
程序进入洗涤状态时,电机转动正常,但波轮不转
1、遇到这样的情况,直接检查电机皮带轮,离合器带轮和波轮的紧固情况,若有螺钉松动,滑丝或断裂,请对应的工具对它进行检修。
2、若是三角皮带打滑或脱落,需要在调大电机和离合器距离,并在三角皮带上擦些松香粉,增大它的摩擦。
洗涤时脱水桶跟转
1、一般是制动带松脱,让制动带对脱水轴的制动力矩减小,先关闭电源,然后让它重新安装好。
2、也可能是制动带严重磨损或损坏,可先通过旋转调节螺钉,然后适当的调节,增加制动带对脱水轴的制动力矩。
洗涤时,电机正反向运转正常,而波轮只能单向反转,不能正转
1、根据使用的经验来看,离合器工作位置不到位时,方丝离合簧不能被拨松,让洗涤轴和脱水轴被离合簧抱紧;脱水轴在洗涤状态下被制动带抱紧。
2、当离合器皮带轮以顺时针方向运转时,不能让波轮转动,当离合器皮带轮逆时针方向反转时,离合器方向离合簧旋松方向,需要适当的调节螺钉,让棘爪拨叉和制动杆间隙处于一个正常范围。
排水速度变慢
1、当洗衣机的排水速度变慢,可能是排水阀内部有杂物或排水软管弯折变形,既然已经知道了原因,先清除排水阀内杂物,保持软管畅通。
2、若排水拉杆和橡胶阀门间隙变大,要适当调小排水拉杆和橡胶阀门的间隙,避免出现异常问题。
3、排水阀内弹簧太长或失去弹性。只要更换内弹簧即可。
排水不净
1、自己推测是水压开关性能不良或空气管路漏气,让集气室内空气压力变小,盛水桶内水位没有下降到规定位置,水压开关触点便提前动作。
2、想办法找到空气管路漏气位置,然后用401胶密封,若水压开关损坏,尽快更换水压一个相同型号的开关。
维修完毕
排除故障后,检查机体是否恢复正常使用,最好是使用一次,全程下来看看,是否还存在类似的问题,如果没有,说明维修完毕了,反之就需要进行重新进行以上步骤。
洗衣机维护
俗话都说,洗衣机三分用七分养,维修之后更是需要保养维护。维修之后,需要做的维护如下:
机体
可以用柔软布及温和的洗涤剂(如厨房用洗涤剂和肥皂水)清洁机体。
注意:不要直接向机体淋水;不要使用去污粉、稀释剂或含有酒精或煤油的产品。
窗玻璃及窗密封垫
洗衣机每次使用结束后,清除窗密封垫上的物件;擦去窗玻璃及窗密封垫上的线屑及污垢;适时打开机门进行通风。
洗涤剂盒
洗涤剂盒需要定时清洗,避免洗涤剂残留并滋生出霉菌。
1、按压洗涤剂盒,弹开后再向外拉出。
2、按下中间凸起部即可安全拉出。
3、用双手大拇指如图小箭头方向适当用力扩张,同时大拇指向上推出柔软剂盖子,将其从洗涤剂盒中取出。
4、用水将残留的洗涤剂洗去,然后用布将洗涤剂盒上的水擦干净。
5、柔软剂盖子下压到洗涤剂盒的原本位置。确认两边及后侧的卡爪均到位,然后通过插入的方式装回洗涤剂盒。
排水过滤器
建议至少每个月清洁一次排水过滤器。过滤器会堆积线屑,使排水不畅。
1、关闭电源并拔下电源插头。
2、按压前盖板B右侧,打开前盖板B,放置一个容器以接收排出的水。
3、拉出泵软管,拔下管塞使水流出。
4、在水全部排出后,将排水过滤器逆时针转动旋开。然后往外拉出。(松开排水过滤器要小心。可能会有更多水排出。这是正常现象。)
5、清除上面的毛绒及线屑。
6、回排水过滤器。
7、将管塞塞回泵软管中,装回原位置,关闭前盖板B。
8、注意:排放热水时务必小心;排水过滤器务必顺时针转动旋进到位,否则将造成漏水,并导致前盖板无法正常关闭。
进水阀过滤网
定期取下进水管,清除过滤网上的污垢。
为防止溅水,取下进水管前,请按以下步骤进行。
1、关闭水龙头。
2、按下电源键打开电源。
3、按下一键智洗。
4、1分钟后关闭电源。水已从进水管中排出。
5、拧松进水管将其取下。
6、使用牙刷来的小刷子,清洁洗衣机背面的进水阀过滤网。
7、重新连接进水管,打开水龙头,检查是否漏水。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"家里要购买洗衣机的话,就要注意做好保养工作,避免洗衣机出现故障,影响了使用。洗衣机在使用中出现故障要及时查找原因并进行维修。市面上常见的洗衣机(海尔,美的等品牌)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnUS3WufAHFP9qKhgbGCvih"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机零件介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GUyodCqiAoWyUoxAp1ic9ef2nag"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电机和电容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P6Ykd46CKouQ60x44khcOxAJnUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电机是发动力,可驱动渡轮完成衣服的洗涤和脱水。电容一般洗衣机是用单项电容起动式,主要作用是增大电动机的启动力矩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmcMd8SEyosMs0xULdscQpo3nfg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":371,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电机和电容","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5cba235141e048b2b667cc83dca394ab","width":590},"text":"","id":"ZUQ8dkW2yo2K2yxI73Fc8YNinKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"程序控制器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CeG6dQ6sgoWmUExiisIcEfQgndd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简称程控器,是控制洗衣机系统的中心部件,整个洗衣机的操作都是由程控器来支配的,它的结构较为复杂,有机械式(电机式)和电脑式(电子式)之分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6KadwkkQoYY86xkjIMcDBf5n3d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":415,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"程序控制器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2e9643eb44dc468c891e2c9a4f1406b0","width":893},"text":"","id":"Is0adqE6IoEWoYxCLSDcXDEcnnw"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水位开关","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K6yEdmSkookuI8xy4gec6N8jnye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为控制水量,还设计水位开关。水位开关一般有3-4档,使用时可按衣服量选择水位,当达到指定水位时,水位开关会将电磁进水阀的电路切断,从而停止进水。之后,在通过程控器,将电机电路接通,开始洗涤工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SqkadGYscooMecxATSIcauySnkg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":417,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"水位开关","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae4987ba95734e9092bcc3c20aac3837","width":770},"text":"","id":"ZOkodyIcSoswCmxKcGacII99nJh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全开关","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UQcodsYI6oamUAxA5WZcMEstnjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它主要是起到安全保障的作用,当洗衣机的盖子被打开,洗衣机就会停止脱水工作,会把电源切断,还会把电磁铁的电路处在刹车状态,这样保证了使用的安全性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCgmdK8iqoeMCmxcKtSc4vPunUa"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":367,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安全开关","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/955fe2dedc8545229c7415a3e8b05a9f","width":709},"text":"","id":"AWcCdgK6UoSMAOxIBOTcnbycnZb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电磁进水阀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UGiIdyi0yoM4MmxKPxLce6FJnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电磁进水阀位于洗衣机上罩的后部,是为洗衣机进水的自动控制系统而设计的。当需要进水时,程控器将它的电路接通,可以打开进水通道,向洗衣机内注水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E48GdY6gcos4uUxyuWCc2Kx1ngh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电磁进水阀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ea46f5e819f4cfdb00a6f7d597c4708","width":516},"text":"","id":"UakYduauooaG4UxE9x7cNHRTnNe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电磁铁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BIEMdwSCqogGcqxYTSycCWVvnpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与排水阀连接在一起,用于排水阀开启和关闭,主要作用是通过刹车带抱紧或放松脱水轴,完成脱水准备和刹车工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EMyed8sEeom2O8xO6tocfslUnrh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":275,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电磁铁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8e0429401c364f7c924ecb06fd9666cb","width":500},"text":"","id":"Vi8MdIM04osUu2xWYdDcDqVtnGh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机故障","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ra46dWQOcoKyqOx6zRycc4XfnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过洗衣机不同的情况表现,甄别出具体的故障点出在什么地方。判断出洗衣机故障后,在对症下药,具体对应故障如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SqGIdqKA4oKE2oxEzR4cp1mZn7e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"不进水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HseAdAOe2ocYMOxQHOIca3FSnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进水阀线圈短路引起线圈骨架变形,使铁芯始终封闭泄压孔,引起进水阀不进水;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McaCd8oGsoU06wxaMFycYbwanTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、铁芯弹簧生锈,使铁芯不能上、下移动,始终封闭泄压孔,引起进水阀不进水;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XImKdEU8yooI4mxOKeVcNFhunic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、泄压孔被堵(如沙子、异物等),使控制腔内水无法流出,于是控制腔内的静压力迅速升。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CQ2Eds8WsoegEcx42zUcowVQnpc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"脱水无力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HoSadWM22oqQiKx8zBJc9bjyn1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、皮带松弛,磨损拉长,使皮带运转打滑无法带动脱水桶运转,引起脱水无力;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CqqAd6mKeokewCxwvNPcD2ZBn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、离合器方线扭簧磨损直径变大生锈,使方线扭簧无法抱紧脱水轴带动脱水桶正常运转,引起脱水无力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rwomdqym4o4gUAx4RbVcQJvrnmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电容损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTOvXvKqxRL0VY8OCQbRaRa"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电容损坏一般会易引起洗涤,脱水无力,电机不转动","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EOu8dOUkGoyGW8xkE2jccj24nlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":338,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电容损坏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/48905fd9a3074c849aa566c04019eede","width":450},"text":"","id":"doxcn9Oiavv4lT47kFbOa1M0qjq"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"离合器损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5hGPYbAYK08gLJlJ9ffnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机出现脱水声音大,脱水无力,只能单向反转,不能正转,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"离合器抱簧坏的情况出现。当衣服","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"少的情况下机器能够保证有一个比较高的初速度使得机器尽快高速旋","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"转起来。而衣服多","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"了以后机器没法产生一个较高的初速度从而使得洗衣桶摆动变大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKpkNXSqgXMMCSvP45hGCid"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":302,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"离合器损坏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f982519b5b2f497991b4c778a9b8f9a7","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnXb3737BBnoiMcbxQ7xqKRd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"控制板损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSUQLeRaoYLdjB35G3aBMHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机控制板损坏会出现电机无法转动,不脱水和","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"不进水等故障","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoHOtx6ujabP31CpP03yAbg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":262,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"控制板损坏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b58edd17ebe94e2eba830ddc3fa2d2f1","width":479},"text":"","id":"doxcnXzd0A0wlYBOa7WLRIeiUxf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电机损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9lfgoeRhuzPYSfhSR54tPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电机正常值应为4.5~5.1kΩ。洗衣机甩干桶电机的阻值一般是主绕组为65到95欧。副绕组为110到200欧。洗衣机的额定电压是200V,即洗衣机在电压时220V才能正常工作,洗衣机的洗涤时的额定功率是360W,即洗衣机在220V时,洗涤的功率是360W,洗衣机的最大工作电流为5A。洗衣机主要是在水位开关与电磁进水阀之间的调控进行进水跟排水的的,在一定的情况下,排水跟排水以及电机开关,可以实现自动化的控制,水位开关说白了就是一个压力开关而已。然后洗衣机的气室入口与洗衣机的衣桶是相互连接的。具体阻值还得依机型来定,详情请看洗衣机说明书。选用电阻时常有阻值选择的问题,往往遇到选用的阻值是不常用电阻,或特殊阻值很难制造的贴片、插件电阻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhtI6Am9QYnUjfjW20Wm7De"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":412,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电机损坏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c12bad1b93642138748c2dac1d31942","width":562},"text":"","id":"doxcnOSXclkZfdVzbJH6U2aDHG8"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皮带松","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVb4y7QKPSOFLg1Cz91DTJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"造成洗衣机皮带松掉的主要是以下原因:1、皮带受潮。2、皮带使用时间过长导致受损。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnrxI7yFAMnnGu8ZbxnOAZHd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":279,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皮带松","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b9ad2021312e4a5db2cb4a73e43462e1","width":400},"text":"","id":"doxcnc1mIOAiOXxXC99xJi64Zy9"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"放水异常","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9QRfQBcWlXkfSLIFaoOfTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进水电磁阀损坏,造成水阀不工作水无法进入管路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAVWv3AoYwRmxWNsMqlII0b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":349,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"放水异常","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc4dfb4968745a6b7bcc2b9d751562f","width":359},"text":"","id":"doxcn7LX4fG8U8Ln0wgLYBOv7Cf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、进水电磁阀连接线断,使电磁阀无驱动电压而不工作最终水无法进入管路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIVMwQWm4VIGVf7F90bbqzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、进水电磁阀驱动电路故障,造成电磁阀无法正常开启,水无法注入管路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNKI9pyN7WJngl40UPVmkyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、可能是排水开关损坏,使开关闭死不动,水无法排出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDKGYnfhpR44rZp0iXAHje9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、可能是排水口堵塞,排水口内部有异物造成排水口严重堵塞而无法排水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnf9Q8MqcVXspYVg1rS6c76d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6,容器内的水位传感器,将感受到的水位信号传送到控制器,控制器内的计算机将实测的水位信号与设定信号进行比较,得出偏差,然后根据偏差的性质,向给水电动阀发出\"开\"\"关\"的指令,保证容器达到设定水位。进水程序完成后,温控部份的计算机向供给热媒的电动阀发出\"开\"的指令,于是系统开始对容器内的水进行加热。到设定温度时。控制器才发出关阀的命令、切断热源,系统进入保温状态。洗衣机水位传感器损坏的原因:导管破裂、入嘴与导管连接处漏气、内部隔膜穿孔、触点接触不良等。洗衣机水位传感器坏了会引起进水不良,有的洗衣机可能会引起脱水不良故障。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHDrzmlSYQI1pgDASg0OQ2b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":455,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"放水异常","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63548116c7334b8e9432a84289fa6fb8","width":718},"text":"","id":"doxcnpH5APQPZiT38XRWxWQglGb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"脱水异常","id":""}],"tex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隙处于一个正常范围。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ToGMdYg4qo8Simxw5vPc9YzenQh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":426,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤时,电机正反向运转正常,而波轮只能单向反转,不能正转","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/afff38fca8a44c96bffae157571a0c59","width":568},"text":"","id":"doxcn2MY5tG1e3GUm4OtztEfFSh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水速度变慢","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng6eixdUhbwC5mMagETWC5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、当洗衣机的排水速度变慢,可能是排水阀内部有杂物或排水软管弯折变形,既然已经知道了原因,先清除排水阀内杂物,保持软管畅通。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IW2YdAYWQo6mGExWAh9cQ1Nvntf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、若排水拉杆和橡胶阀门间隙变大,要适当调小排水拉杆和橡胶阀门的间隙,避免出现异常问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiOOdgkI8ocwewx0cpwcn7Usn2D"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、排水阀内弹簧太长或失去弹性。只要更换内弹簧即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkwEd4yO4oiCM0xWEddcvtCAnGd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":386,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水速度变慢","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/35583a3e20e54ffa80200ee3cd67f961","width":599},"text":"","id":"doxcn1rDv7r8fet53EnFLlytFvg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水不净","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMRL1RCKaCP5WgIkGuoanIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、自己推测是水压开关性能不良或空气管路漏气,让集气室内空气压力变小,盛水桶内水位没有下降到规定位置,水压开关触点便提前动作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XOCadAmwGoGeC0x4y0CcSZkznWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、想办法找到空气管路漏气位置,然后用401胶密封,若水压开关损坏,尽快更换水压一个相同型号的开关。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XOUodiuSQoS6KqxGKEOc8M2ln0f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"维修完毕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni5GIacVbBalOJNG7YCbxzX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除故障后,检查机体是否恢复正常使用,最好是使用一次,全程下来看看,是否还存在类似的问题,如果没有,说明维修完毕了,反之就需要进行重新进行以上步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMxxY8tmEnquzcujZiAtxRc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1346,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"维修完毕","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/254880c68338404b9ea4ee391d4ee710","width":1440},"text":"","id":"doxcn3l5jrKDSX1TtTSKpWhKBug"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机维护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9ZxgIT2cA3hkWSE4LkhD4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"俗话都说,洗衣机三分用七分养,维修之后更是需要保养维护。维修之后,需要做的维护如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWIlUSU43wDzmVeoUJHo7mb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"机体","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiAYrfQYV69WqHl8qFmzwE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以用柔软布及温和的洗涤剂(如厨房用洗涤剂和肥皂水)清洁机体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMRLsZOwG3Q8ShP8IOEn9ee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:不要直接向机体淋水;不要使用去污粉、稀释剂或含有酒精或煤油的产品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJtZrFJcu49mGkwF9dkcuRb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗玻璃及窗密封垫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOvQh6X7MT9SzTOBkQNSrLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机每次使用结束后,清除窗密封垫上的物件;擦去窗玻璃及窗密封垫上的线屑及污垢;适时打开机门进行通风。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntfgEcutqowXB8wCfSFej1d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhf9WKMeBTIOrKHHA5bpwzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒需要定时清洗,避免洗涤剂残留并滋生出霉菌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHwgjUIbQ0X5g8CU3HcoFoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、按压洗涤剂盒,弹开后再向外拉出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWfpVTi1YwP9G1GtqYRvjte"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":494,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/14da0317ba324881962c603646aaaf53","width":623},"text":"","id":"doxcnoeTZzNj810jliV6Lht16Re"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、按下中间凸起部即可安全拉出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZbKpFKqbavHMRf5iNIMEpQ"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":437,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ab31e31417eb49ce95f24c29ccc972dd","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcn3Hwl6y0tGOklG4tGL8qUzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、用双手大拇指如图小箭头方向适当用力扩张,同时大拇指向上推出柔软剂盖子,将其从洗涤剂盒中取出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbUfZJNlIvJu9CFad5Fs1yb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":374,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2154914b7c0e45ae96450f7c0110f6b9","width":608},"text":"","id":"doxcnFmO2kDrFaTghMLxuGiDUre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、用水将残留的洗涤剂洗去,然后用布将洗涤剂盒上的水擦干净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVSFcRngTqRnKMpGtJuHjIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、柔软剂盖子下压到洗涤剂盒的原本位置。确认两边及后侧的卡爪均到位,然后通过插入的方式装回洗涤剂盒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLWL7yI0qCMuttoPAA84gIH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneeKNs4zRr2XdlV8jEczEgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"建议至少每个月清洁一次排水过滤器。过滤器会堆积线屑,使排水不畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSKd3B8LWzbJvcpeSNygO0r"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、关闭电源并拔下电源插头。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0JRqa9mILkpIQS4OLMuakf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、按压前盖板B右侧,打开前盖板B,放置一个容器以接收排出的水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna4lpk4Vev0nHhYRtXoAqUd"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":362,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb718bfecc74449fa21dc64c9b0f56af","width":574},"text":"","id":"doxcnceByNzQubDiMHx5scd0Cjd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5f6ac66f201e4f7fb84900e40cb8e997","width":578},"text":"","id":"doxcno2blB77ezPs8h2bqaaCPYf"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCIF2BhFmFQEtJFeynXNcIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、拉出泵软管,拔下管塞使水流出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCIF2BhFmFQEtJFeynXNcIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6aaf9d5af10a4d4787b4dda98a8ad4c4","width":575},"text":"","id":"doxcnkbr7IbRxLy3Ad9kzvnhFre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、在水全部排出后,将排水过滤器逆时针转动旋开。然后往外拉出。(松开排水过滤器要小心。可能会有更多水排出。这是正常现象。)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYZBMrKgxrKhzn7whAVSS0e"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":340,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f6c9bd73dab14633a7971e2993ec00a5","width":576},"text":"","id":"doxcnWNh2OeNbGx9WHYRjhOravg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":399,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0c12664389f541749e88325cfdea0913","width":579},"text":"","id":"doxcnDwwdJrBek4NbUBVAxBAbIh"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhN12wgEV5qax9ZweKqDYqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、清除上面的毛绒及线屑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhN12wgEV5qax9ZweKqDYqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、回排水过滤器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLvCbwwcdtyLh8WGMQd4X3u"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、将管塞塞回泵软管中,装回原位置,关闭前盖板B。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9OR0rxjnW6kFuIFc0W3xzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、注意:排放热水时务必小心;排水过滤器务必顺时针转动旋进到位,否则将造成漏水,并导致前盖板无法正常关闭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEtplZWsuPTASPh8G8wWzzf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"进水阀过滤网","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSeccBbfzBbJVf3fcecq8Pd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"定期取下进水管,清除过滤网上的污垢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIOrfaOTmiCcxIerqZCKIMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为防止溅水,取下进水管前,请按以下步骤进行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndI75WRHmvbGi4KQEi9nzvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、关闭水龙头。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaAOpW9z3rJRaZmKDaJ76ae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、按下电源键打开电源。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQliQpMfiMfiRqEaa8KEFqn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、按下一键智洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntMCIvbcyNq223dEVQpDCqh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、1分钟后关闭电源。水已从进水管中排出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsRLfyZLvmfnR56eEHP0Jnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、拧松进水管将其取下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4IhKZdfSizul90KdVwiK1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、使用牙刷来的小刷子,清洁洗衣机背面的进水阀过滤网。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxTB5uKgQgTbRo6e8k0aC9e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":426,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"进水阀过滤网","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a65f0fb52055461cbb88a381e7f11f85","width":729},"text":"","id":"doxcnhlUJX1OFExIiaeBZ5Q2xZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、重新连接进水管,打开水龙头,检查是否漏水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTqDo8RD2rmTNNj6F0isMUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLvn8so61EOV2N57YHqvCQd"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
2. 智歌投影仪cx6现在还生产吗
投影仪和手机连接,前提是两者处在同一个WiFi网络中。然后通过手机的投屏功能,选择投屏到投影仪上即可。
3. 智歌CX6
一、亦智投影仪怎么使用
1.通电使用:由于是电子产品,将亦智投影仪通电是关键的一步,需要先把亦智投影仪开机,才能接下去操作。
2.外接机顶盒等:亦智投影仪分为了好几个版本,如标准版需要通过USB接口插入U盘,打开其中的影音文件;或通过HDMI接口连接机顶盒、笔记本等设备,使得电脑正常运行下的画面在投影仪上显示。由此来看电影、大屏上网等。
3.连网使用:亦智投影仪的安卓版本和语音版本,内置了智能系统,所以可以打开设置,连接上WIFI后,安装TV版软件使用。
二、亦智投影仪可以用什么遥控操作
亦智投影仪需要使用专门的红外遥控器操作,类似于操作电视遥控器,开机就可以使用。不需要像智能投影仪那般,开机后与蓝牙遥控器进行配对。
而当遥控器坏了或者找不到时,应该直接购买一个新的遥控器,因为像亦智投影仪(尤其是标准版)是无法通过手机连接来操作投影仪的。
以上便是亦智投影仪使用的相关内容。亦智投影仪是一款单片LCD技术的投影仪,官方提供的亮度值是指灯泡亮度,实际显示亮度和分辨率没有这么高,购买前须谨慎。
4. 智歌cx6s
雅迪dm6s没有比dm6好
这款全新的DM6智换版沿袭了经典的小龟造型,配上了雅迪的三瓣晶钻大灯,饱满舒适的车身,可乘客提供更为充足的驾驶空间。该车严格按照新国标要求打造,搭载了400W的性能电机,可以容纳48V24Ah的锂电池,满电续航260里,理论上来讲,换电车型只要网点足够,是没有续航焦虑的。
5. 智歌投影仪cx6说明书电子版
一、亦智投影仪怎么使用
1.通电使用:由于是电子产品,将亦智投影仪通电是关键的一步,需要先把亦智投影仪开机,才能接下去操作。
2.外接机顶盒等:亦智投影仪分为了好几个版本,如标准版需要通过USB接口插入U盘,打开其中的影音文件;或通过HDMI接口连接机顶盒、笔记本等设备,使得电脑正常运行下的画面在投影仪上显示。由此来看电影、大屏上网等。
3.连网使用:亦智投影仪的安卓版本和语音版本,内置了智能系统,所以可以打开设置,连接上WIFI后,安装TV版软件使用。
二、亦智投影仪可以用什么遥控操作
亦智投影仪需要使用专门的红外遥控器操作,类似于操作电视遥控器,开机就可以使用。不需要像智能投影仪那般,开机后与蓝牙遥控器进行配对。
而当遥控器坏了或者找不到时,应该直接购买一个新的遥控器,因为像亦智投影仪(尤其是标准版)是无法通过手机连接来操作投影仪的。
以上便是亦智投影仪使用的相关内容。亦智投影仪是一款单片LCD技术的投影仪,官方提供的亮度值是指灯泡亮度,实际显示亮度和分辨率没有这么高,购买前须谨慎。
6. 智歌cx3投影机说明书
答:本人经过购买多台投影机之后选择这款酷乐视s1。投影效果不错,每个牌子机器都各有各的优点说说这部机器吧!
优点图像清晰机器小巧软件不错,缺点风扇声音有点但还可以接受,机器总体还不错有待观察赠品很多,用了两个月还不错。可以入手的。
7. 亦智x6投影仪说明书
素描是一切绘画的基础,这是研究绘画艺术所必须经过的一个阶段。狭义上专指用于学习美术技巧、探索造型规律、培养专业习惯的绘画训练过程。
如何选择工具
素描是一种正式的艺术创作,以单色线条来表现直观世界中的事物,不同的笔触营造出不同的线条及横切关系和节奏、主动与被动的周围环境、平面、体积、色调、及质感。不同的作品则需要不同的工具语言来表述,才能更加体现画面的效果,作品才能成功。
干笔适宜作清晰的线条,水笔宜于表现平面;精美的笔触可用毛笔挥洒,而广阔的田野则可用铅笔或粉笔去勾勒。炭笔是两者都可兼用的。对工具的理解是完成好一幅作品的首要条件。
笔
铅笔
美术铅笔的铅芯有不同等级的软硬区别,硬的以"H"为代表,如:1H、2H、3H、4H等,前边数字越大,硬度越强,即色度越淡;软的以"B"为代表,如:1B、2B、3B、4B、5B、6B等,数字越大软度越强,色度越黑;学生用铅笔一般是HB形,软硬适中。对于初学绘画的可从HB到4B中选择三种类型就可以了。
推荐
辉柏嘉、施德楼、三菱、中华、马可、凯兰帝、老人头、得韵、马利、马培德
炭笔
炭笔的用法和铅笔相似,炭笔的色泽深黑,有较强的表现能力,是画素描的理想工具,用于画人物肖像尤佳,但画重了很难擦掉。
推荐
1、马利、MARCO/马可、库尔贝、高尔乐、中华、奥文、得韵Derwent、老人头、卢浮宫、德福龙
木炭条
木炭条是用树枝烧制而成,色泽较黑,质地松散,附着力较差,画完成后需喷固定液,否则极易掉色破坏效果。
推荐
米娅(MIYA)、马利(Marie's)、蒙玛特(Mont Marte)、青竹画材(CHINJOO)、尼奥尼(NYONI)、海特(Hite)、高尔乐(Kuelox)、卫庄、老人头(lotory)、睿识
炭精棒
炭精棒常见的有黑色和赭石色两种,质地较木炭条硬,附着力较强,可用可不用固定液。
推荐
海特索斯
纸
画素描通常在专用的素描纸上进行,选用素描纸时要注意纸质坚实、平整、耐磨、纹理细腻、不毛不皱、易于修改,如素描纸、铅画纸。太粗、太薄、太光滑的纸都不适合铅笔画素描。初学者使用的纸张大小以8开或4开为宜,16开大小的铜版纸和复印纸,则适合用钢笔、圆珠笔画素描。
素描纸的表面有明显的纹理,这样铅笔上色才会比较容易,另外,背面的纹理也不一样,背面的纹理要比正面纹理弱,所以应该在纸张的正面绘画。
辅助工具
画架
用来放置素描纸的架子。
画夹
宽边的大铁夹可用在画板上固定纸张。
胶带
胶带也是不错的固定纸张的工具,因为胶带宽度均匀,画完后将胶带去除会留下一条好看的白边
宽笔刷
用起来超级方便的清扫工具,画面上的橡皮屑较多的时候,用它清除就不会弄花画了。
铅笔延长器
铅笔用短了之后都会很苦恼,用的时候不方便,扔了又觉得可惜。将笔的一头放入延长器中,画笔瞬间就变长了。是非常不错的节省工具。
绘画常识
想要学素描,必须要了解一些知识,具体的如下几个方面:
一点透视
最常用到的就是一点透视,因为一点透视只有一个消失点(灭点)所以也叫:平行透视。
凡大小相等的物体愈远,其形愈小,以至于最后消失于一点,这点称为消失点。根据消失点的不同位置,能观察到的面也不同。当消失点在物体外侧时,可看到2个面,在物体上方时能看到3个面,在物体内侧时只能看到一个,如果物体正面是空的,则看到的是物体的内部结构。
不论画什么物体都可以归纳、概括在一个立方体或者多个立方体中,只要有一个面是与画面平行的,就可以利用一点透视(平行透视)来作画。一点透视合适画小的物体,透视变化不大,但是画的时候一定要体现出来。
站在宽广的平地上向前看,远方天地的交界线,称为地平线,地平线是处理透视图形的重要依据。平视时地平线和视平线重合,地平线就是视平线;俯视时,地平线在视平线的上方。
位置在画者右方的景物,看见它的左侧。位置在画者左方的景物,看见它的右侧。
凡在视平线以上的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈低。视平线以下的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈高。
有了以上这些绘画透视知识如果掌握并且运用到绘画中就不会在画中犯常识性的错误,而且构图会合理,符合视觉欣赏的美感。
两点透视
物体有一组垂直线与画面平行,其他两组线均与画面成一定角度,而每组有一个消失点,共有两个消失点,称为两点透视。
两点透视(成交透视)
两点透视图画面效果比较自由、活泼,能比较真实地反映空间,可以反映建筑物的正侧两面,容易表现出体积感。另外,两点透视加上较强的明暗对比,物体体感会更强。
认识明暗
明暗产生的原因:有光源(不论是自然光源、人工光源)照射,才会产生明暗;光源直射处(向光)是明亮部,照射不到之处(背光)是黑暗部,反射光所形成的是中间灰色部分。没有光,我们的眼睛将看不到任何东西。
利用铅笔表现明暗的方法:
铅笔直立地以尖端来画时,画出来的线较明了而坚实;铅笔斜侧起来以尖端的腹部来画时,笔触及线条都比较模糊而柔弱,笔触的方向要整理才不致混乱。
铅笔画使用橡皮擦注意事项:
初学画一笔不满意时,就马上用橡皮擦去了,第二次画得不对时又再擦去,这是最不好的习惯。一则容易伤害画纸使纸张留下疤痕,再则画时就越画越无把握了,所以应极力避免。
当第一笔画不对时,尽可再画上第二笔,如此画时就有一个标准,容易改正,等浓淡明暗一切都画好之后,再把不用之处的铅笔线,用橡皮轻轻擦去,这样整幅画面就清楚可爱多了。
画面上的线痕通常到最后都会被暗的部份遮没了,把露出的部份擦去较为省力。同时不用的线痕,往往无形中成为主体的衬托物,所以不擦去无害于画面,有时反而收到无形的效果,这是我们不可不注意的地方。
空间感
在绘画中依照几何透视和空间透视的原理,描绘出物体之间的远近、层次、穿插等关系,使之在平面的绘画上传达出有深度的立体的空间感觉。
前面的物体不要画到后面去了也不要把后面的物体画到前面了,合理的安排他们的位置。让整个画面有一个前大后小,前实后虚。上实下虛的空间效果。总之就是画面的层次感明确。
入门
画素描之前要充分做好各种线条的练习,还要做线条的由浅入深、由深到浅的成组练习。经过构图、轮廓、大形深入刻画到整体调整等不同的作画环节,这个作画的过程体现从整体到局部到整体的观察过程。如果没有这种正确的作画程序,就不能保证画面的准确、深入与完整。
素描步骤
画前要观察研究物体的基本形状,看它的受光方向,结构造型,形成的立体效果,然后用直线勾出它的大体轮廓,再依照光源,确定物体的受光(淡面)、侧光(灰面)、遮光(深面)三大部分。最后在这些面与面之间加上衔接的层次,使它自然、圆润起来,直到表现出质感为止。 素描画好后要对描绘的物体进行统筹和完善加工。
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d这个视频讲的是受光的技巧,比较浅显易懂,有助于进一步理解。
构图
构图是每一个学习绘画的人所必须要掌握的一项基本能力,从美得感受出发,让观赏者感受到美、舒服。各部份的一种配置法,依照经过设计的格式,一致的比例,或重复的体系去安排。一般情况下在绘画中构图讲究天小地大、左右均衡;各物体大小适中,整体完整,不可过小,亦不可过大。
五种方法
1、三角形构图,素描静物中最常用到的。
三角形构图是最常见的和最稳定的构图形式,静物分成三组放在三个顶点上。此类构图画面稳定、主体突出、层次明确、错落有致,适合静物数量较少的组合。
三角形的三条边是由不同方向的直线合拢而成,而不同的线条组成不同形式的三角形,产生不同的趋势和变化。如果你坐在静物正面中间位置,可能会更多采用三角形构图。
2、C形构图
“C”形构图,画面动感程度优于其他形式的构图。
这种构图方式使画面具有流动性,更容易表现较大空问的静物组合。“C”形有三个点,主体物往往在中间点的位置.前面的点往往是第一次要物体的摆放位置,最后面的点帮助你加强画而空间层次的推移。
3、S形构图
"S”具有曲线的优点,优美而富有活力和韵味,所以“S“形构图给人一种美的享受,而且画面显得生动、活泼。读者的视线随着"S”形向纵深移动,可有力地表现其场景的空间感和深度感。在 "S”形构图中,通常会缩短 "S”的上部,拉长 "S”的下部,以形成“上紧下松”的构图关系。
4、圆形构图
圆形构图就是让静物在画面中围成一个圆圈。圆形构图在视觉上给人以旋转、运动和收缩的审美效果。
当圆形被拉长时,就会变成椭圆形。椭圆形构图大都采用宽大于高的横幅形式,它不仅有静态效果,也会产生动态效果,同时还具有较为明显的整体感。
5、水平式构图
水平式构图的物体不能放在画面正中,应当处于一个偏上或者偏下的位置。水平式构图纵向上的空间层次较少,为了让画面丰富,各个物体要在形状、大小、高矮颜色等因素上形成对比,使画面安定、平和,可以增强画面的稳定感。同时还要安排好位置,形成前后的空间层次。
文字讲解不能很直观地展现,可配合视频讲解,进一步理解怎么构图https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d
轮廓
素描轮廓线是指物体外部和内部形状对线条,描述前进或后退的形状之变化方面的一条断续线或连续线。也指物体对形,没有轮廓线就没有"形” 。
一般来说轮廓包括外轮廓和内轮廓,两者相互依存,就是说外轮廓画错了,内轮廓也必然跟着错,内轮廓错了也会影响外轮廓的准确。在实践中存在的问题是容易把二者分开来观察,分开来画,分开来检查,必须两者结合起来观察并结合起来画才对。要知道轮廓绝非指简单的物体的外框,要内外兼顾方可画准。
轮廓就是形状,画画的第一步是画形状。形状图对了,就顺利了。越画越难受。勾勒轮廓的暗部可以简单处理,勾勒轮廓的同时可以详细画明面。由于形状的透视变化,尤其是轮廓,一分钟宽度等于几英寸宽度,因为边缘是立体形状。当一个同样宽度的面转向后方时,面的长度会越来越窄,直至消失。
如果外轮廓和内轮廓的基本比例和位置不正确,包含所有细节的形状也会是错误的。所以大纲的确定要严格、严格、细致。 严谨谨慎不是要求你谨小慎微,而是要求你胆大心细。只有大胆细致的书写,勾勒出轮廓,才能知道这幅画的对错。我们要敢于肯定,也要敢于否定和纠正错误。
要想画出正确的轮廓,必须对物体的形象有正确的认识和观察。观察轮廓也是专业训练不可缺少的阶段。一种不仔细观察研究对象,就无法在反复修正的过程中提高识别能力,也无法培养敏锐的视力,理解简单形式的复杂性。
进一步学习可以观看视频讲解,可巩固一些知识点https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d
排线
排线是素描最基本的语言元素,在素描中丰富的色调变化是经过许多次的线条叠加而形成的,这其中线条的走向与角度尤其需要注意。画好素描排线就要有一个正确的握笔姿势。
正确的握笔姿势,可以分为两种:持棒式和握笔式
持棒式:
用拇指、食指和中指,三指拿笔与手掌下,如上图,中指起到辅助作用。用拇指左右摆动,在画面形成规则的接近平行的一排线。在用持棒式方法的时候,笔和画面大约在35度角左右就差不多,手和手腕不要接触画面,如果难掌握,可以用小指做支撑点,也可以用手腕自然的上下画出线条。
握笔式:
这种方法就是平时的写字姿势,如上图,这种的握笔方法可以用在面积小的暗面,或者在单体塑造的时候,这种方法用的很多,不像持棒式是在面积大,握笔式很容易掌握,就像写字一样画线条。
若干组排线最好不要沿同一方向展开,因为沿同一方向或缺乏方向变化的十字形(夹直角)都将导致画面出现板滞和类似平涂的光赋效果。
用一组组的线排开,颜色深浅不同,表现出明暗关系。当我们画苹果时,在背光处铺出一组调子,就是画的暗面。
线只是用来表现明暗变化,以此来塑造物体体积,表现空间的一种手段。无论怎么排线,只要画出效果就可以,不拘泥于各种形式。各种线的画法会产生不同的效果,所以在画不同的画时我们可以用不同的排线方法。
苹果的画法视频已经讲了很多,感兴趣可以看看https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d
控制明暗的逐渐变化以创造实体形式的错觉效果,使物体有三度空间的特质。在深面与灰面上先铺上一片均匀的线条,使受光面暂时空出,这样就是用大块大面来表现物体,然后将各个块面中细部,也同样依照受光、侧光、遮光分成小块、小面来处理。还要注意小块、小面的明暗,使它们服从大面的统一调子,而大面又必须服从于整体。https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d这个视频讲的是五种线条的画法,实践与理论相结合。
深度学习
速写
速写一般不拘泥于局部的形似,而常以形写神,表达方式简练,对专业创作、设计草图和快速表现都有积极的意义。速写的高度提炼与时间较长、较深入地练习是相辅相成互相促进的,速写画得多,在复杂的素描写生开始阶段也会更快地把握构图和造型。
以素描作画相对的时间为依据,短至数分钟长则半小时左右都可算是速写,因速写的基本特征是简练而快速地写生,因此是画者的第一印象。
对结构理解的深入扎实的素描基本功,在速写中也会体现出来。经常大量的速写训练,可以最有效地培养敏锐的观察力和艺术的概括能力,以及提高快速高效的表现技能。
速写是一种非常便捷的素描方式,其常见题材有风景速写、人物速写、动物速写等。
构图
构图的重要性,大家都知道,单个动作的构图比较简单,原则上宁上勿下。动作朝左,构图偏右即可。双人组合要注意两个动作的主次对比和相互谐调,首先比例要一致,站立的动作和坐着的动作一样高是不行的。场景组合难度较大,透视是最需要注意的,前大后小的原理一定牢记。
人物
人体躯干在衣服的包裹下,无论是厚衣服还是薄衣服,都是紧贴人体的躯干形体。
从衣领开始描绘,形体外轮廓与运动所产生的褶皱相结合刻画。注意海条线条的粗细、深浅、长短变化。
紧接上一步,调整画面的素描关系,可以上一些调子来拉开画面的关系,注意调子的轻重。
注意构图,比例,动态块的侧锋勾画出对象的大体形块。起形要概括,快速,不要在意那么多细节。
可以先把头部深入出来,然后再推出全身。但是要注意五官要画得精致准确,做到一气呵成,不然容易影响后面。
较常用的步骤:五官虚带,定出位置和大小,快速把整个人物画出,抓住大的框架形状和此较明显的穿插关系。先深入五官,手脚与其他最后深入。优点:即使画面随时停下也可以保持画面完整。不会有没有画完的感觉。难点:要整体观察把握,对于穿插比较理解。
坐姿一般选在正侧和四分之三角度比较容易表现,要注意人物的整体动态走势与整个人的比例关系,不要把上短和把腿画的过长。
快速勾出整个人的框架形(如头、胸腔、胯部、四肢,手脚)要肯定整体,可以略带穿插关系,不需要画多。时刻整体地去观察,不能陷入局部。
完善细节:画出头手脚具体形象,并增加灰层次,同时调整衣纹关系,加入裁剪线等装饰。
深入画面:用侧锋带出灰面,增加胸腔,盆腔,四肢的体积感。调整画面主次关系,注意前后胳膊,腿的强弱关系。
默写
默写是脱离了写生对象,完全凭着自己的记忆和理解来把握画面的,在素描的学习中适当地配合默写训练,有助于增强视觉形象的记忆能力,同时又可以训练对画面图形的创造性思维和表现能力,有利于加深写生中对素描知识的理解。其实默写和速写也有着密切的关系,在速写中不可能看一眼画一笔,很多是靠对写生对象的理解和记忆来完成的。
掌握头部解剖
在没有模特或具体的作画对象时,画者只能通过记忆或平时头像写生的经验来完成对头像的默写。内外部形体结构的把握能力,以及对素描技法的合理运用和表现能力。在平时的训练中要着重理解头部骨骼的构造、熟悉头骨各部位的名称及正确位置,做到没有参照对象也熊熟练正确地画出头部各部位的位實及解剖关系。
头像写生训练
平时要积累大量的人物头像写生的作画经验,在人物头像写生训练中,要有针对性地选择写生对象。如选择考试中经常出现的男青年或女青年模特进行写生训练,也适当选择一些老年模特写生,有备无患。
临摹加强记忆
临摹是学习头像写生的最好办法,也是提高素描头像造型能力的有效途径之一。通过临摹,学习他人的经验和技法,真切地体会画者的感受和意图,领会作品的精神所在。这样既节省时间又事半功倍。临摹还能提高眼睛的准确观察力及眼与手的配合能力。
静物作画技巧
素描所表达的是形体与空间不外乎黑、白、灰三字,一幅素描起码应该具备三个方面的成功:一是形体结构准确,二是黑、白、灰大层次分明,三是中心焦点突出。
中心焦点是有视觉习惯形成的,所谓焦点,在客观上应该是在结构中最有特征、又最能展示形体与空间部位的。常位于画幅前景接近中心的部位,是中心也是重心。画素描就应有点偏心,如果平均用力不仅破坏了整体感,也违背了视觉的真实。
轮廓线(包括一些局部轮廓线)只是物体的某些面在转移时被缩小了形象,用轮廓线来认识世界不应是初习素描者的课题,而先要学习用立体的观念来研究世界。
这条线的表现力是不容忽视的,因为物体表面有丰富的起伏向纵深转折时又与空间组成各种关系,它时浓时淡,宽窄虚实,变化无穷,不单单只是一条“线”。
第一是结构,第二才是光,黑白则是它的附属物。大家要学会借助黑白来认识形体结构,但有时黑白也会歪曲形体结构的原来面貌。
画素描就是找区别,大区别就是“大关系”,凡是大关系都具有整体性的分量,它容纳并制约着所有局部,因而它是最重要的。小区别就是“小关系”,就是指处于同一色调中的轻微差异。相对于整体来说,它们只能被称之为“局部”。它们以一定的比例或层次关系组织起来并充实着整体。
没有局部,“整体”便是空的,而如果没有整体的制约,“局部”就成为散乱无序,所以它们是相辅相成辨证统一的。
结构的透视变形色调的黑白相称,对边线的虚实处理,三者共同担负着表现空间与体积的任务。
线和线条技法
素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。用线条来组成物体的形象,并且描绘于平面之上,藉由线条形式引起观者的联想。
例如两条线相交所构成的角形,可以被认为是某平面的边界;另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶,交会聚集的线条可表现深度。人们可以从线条的变化当中,得到可以领会的形象。
用线条区分立体与平面,至于色彩明暗是为了加强和厘清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始,消失和中断来画出边界,并且形成平面,也可使色彩至边界而上。
线条的粗细能表现物体的变化,甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来,还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时,在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料,用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。
素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。
透过线条手段,单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描,这个视频讲的比较清楚https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural&vid=2187580955371434233
用线条来组成物体的形象
两条线相交所构成的角形,可以被认为是某平面的边界;另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶,交会聚集的线条可表现深度。透过线条的手段,单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描。
用线条区分立体与平面
在素描中可以用线条区分立体与平面,至于色彩明暗是为了加强和分清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始,消失和中断来画出边界,并且形成平面,也可使色彩至边界而上。线条的粗细能表现物体的变化,甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来。
平面技法的辅助
素描的线条技法还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时,在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。
毛笔画法的使用
更重要的是使用毛笔画法,因为毛笔能发挥笔触的宽度和笔调的强度并且能增加空间感和立体感。
艺术性的加强
素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料,用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。
明暗
明暗交界线是素描中灰面与暗面的交界,虽然名字是明暗交界“线”,但是它是由“面”组成的,由于光线以及静物本身形体的变化,明暗交界线也会有非常丰富的变化。
有一些静物因为形体会有很多明暗交界线,所以我们找到这些明暗交界线之后统一暗部,然后这些明暗交界线的色调也要做一个区分,靠近光源的颜色稍微要亮一些。
结合视频讲解可以明白明暗的运用手法https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d
推荐书籍
《素描风暴》
《素描的诀窍》
《像艺术家一样思考》
《伯里曼人体结构绘画教学》
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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R4QSdICi8oW0qyxakA3c9bP0nTz"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOmAdMeyqoSaUOxCiDPcmvhnnFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭笔的用法和铅笔相似,炭笔的色泽深黑,有较强的表现能力,是画素描的理想工具,用于画人物肖像尤佳,但画重了很难擦掉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8ASdGOKCogUCCxmuNkcw2awndf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":503,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"炭笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/641a107db1b7493f8a8ea6411599d6f0","width":727},"text":"","id":"IsU2do068oMwysxSG7ecTnVxn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J8yGdOMMQouWEaxWycFc3URVn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、马利、MARCO/马可、库尔贝、高尔乐、中华、奥文、得韵Derwent、老人头、卢浮宫、德福龙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G88SdCG82oYqIIxgrdMcFUmsnXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"木炭条","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tm8QdGwQCoqIMsxgFORc8hounbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"木炭条是用树枝烧制而成,色泽较黑,质地松散,附着力较差,画完成后需喷固定液,否则极易掉色破坏效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VKIIdY08coG6MgxWemVcQFzlnTc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"木炭条","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0d7fdf32c58c46ecb37b6e3c20f88f4d","width":456},"text":"","id":"R0kGdEg8SoGsYUx6j44cXVVJnge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DweEdcCCao82cQxeA8ycDrcunoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"米娅(MIYA)、马利(Marie's)、蒙玛特(Mont Marte)、青竹画材(CHINJOO)、尼奥尼(NYONI)、海特(Hite)、高尔乐(Kuelox)、卫庄、老人头(lotory)、睿识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeYsd44eYoqm2ixCWLkckt7Hnjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FsCWdWWE8oceKCxa2VWc8GFCnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒常见的有黑色和赭石色两种,质地较木炭条硬,附着力较强,可用可不用固定液。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VScSd4CCuoQaIkxPWdpcnF3xngv"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":519,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/81e4dee2b832418a99181eb371627150","width":493},"text":"","id":"S864dSwMWoWiiwxGULncMzBEnRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIa6dU0o2o0W2AxEnhscQYSbn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"海特索斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pcq2dC0C2o4Y8IxqKoacHPHAnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KOIudGsuqoUMmSxMlYqcQJg2nJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描通常在专用的素描纸上进行,选用素描纸时要注意纸质坚实、平整、耐磨、纹理细腻、不毛不皱、易于修改,如素描纸、铅画纸。太粗、太薄、太光滑的纸都不适合铅笔画素描。初学者使用的纸张大小以8开或4开为宜,16开大小的铜版纸和复印纸,则适合用钢笔、圆珠笔画素描。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaIedcMCEoyGcexYdKPcBjkinMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ccf7d528d4bd42beb84a5965c5feb010","width":756},"text":"","id":"HigAdcwK2oSKkix6OhVcFAsMn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描纸的表面有明显的纹理,这样铅笔上色才会比较容易,另外,背面的纹理也不一样,背面的纹理要比正面纹理弱,所以应该在纸张的正面绘画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6eKdI80GoymiyxmwuEcXO5BnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅助工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BEGqd4megoGeiox6Z9Kci82UnWd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XKoKdQgokoI8muxu4tGcezJZnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用来放置素描纸的架子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZwkSdySC0oQm6CxWC6Ccf2BnnFg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":494,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6d85b5dbb4254ef8af76dede4231f9fc","width":527},"text":"","id":"NO8idemqWoAYqUxfZnWcSPHMnd2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BKwCduUqioMGuAxq86gc2sZTnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽边的大铁夹可用在画板上固定纸张。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XIw8dUgUiogKeQxwl0tcsb5tnNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0bb0f0ddfbb344278ed65163df9dd01a","width":431},"text":"","id":"Jmq4dWsYeoEWEcxKm1ac48fAn4b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K0qsdUUa0ogwsIx4N5gclbMgnmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带也是不错的固定纸张的工具,因为胶带宽度均匀,画完后将胶带去除会留下一条好看的白边","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYOYdy2aGoysC2xGSj0cL3TDnub"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bb357025113a4375924bb9e6979e4c18","width":640},"text":"","id":"RogqdQuaOo8CeCxoTzxc32W3nyd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi8SdKOSYomEEyxi8wZcY5dznyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用起来超级方便的清扫工具,画面上的橡皮屑较多的时候,用它清除就不会弄花画了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYe2deOe4oW2ICxk5KPcDzaEnFe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":177,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7a343ba1aab742878eb9684316df400b","width":422},"text":"","id":"CaY2dSW4ioO44ixOuo3cS4j6n3g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NmcMdYU4eo4QaMxKgkCc9uJrnIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔用短了之后都会很苦恼,用的时候不方便,扔了又觉得可惜。将笔的一头放入延长器中,画笔瞬间就变长了。是非常不错的节省工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IsuAdkySEoU4kWx4ALQcdzTgnbe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":558,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e668854a356145fcb36d982e0b1c64f0","width":580},"text":"","id":"VooUd0oiMo88Yux2frpcLqPbnUe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画常识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TY26dSsayoC8O4x4LmWcOcJAnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"想要学素描,必须要了解一些知识,具体的如下","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"几个方面","id":""},{"type":"text","text":":","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyYmdaSGIogUAIx0KdLcW3ljnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GyCmdomq6oo4iYxiMrkcZrAznah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最常用到的就是一点透视,因为一点透视只有一个消失点(灭点)所以也叫:平行透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig8Cdu88KoYImexyYAJc4ASYnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡大小相等的物体愈远,其形愈小,以至于最后消失于一点,这点称为消失点。根据消失点的不同位置,能观察到的面也不同。当消失点在物体外侧时,可看到2个面,在物体上方时能看到3个面,在物体内侧时只能看到一个,如果物体正面是空的,则看到的是物体的内部结构。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8OOd68CKo4S8Kxes2dcjLtXn0c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":243,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/534d60fa2622446f9aeff055be782965","width":640},"text":"","id":"JgwAdMcEQosG8axMNEGcXvSpn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不论画什么物体都可以归纳、概括在一个立方体或者多个立方体中,只要有一个面是与画面平行的,就可以利用一点透视(平行透视)来作画。一点透视合适画小的物体,透视变化不大,但是画的时候一定要体现出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiUgdy0W0o08g8xUDnVc3uAxnGc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":322,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/947f3cd90db748d5a5c1dad2e01b0695","width":550},"text":"","id":"EoOqdWCOcoMoYKxg2ductG8fndR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"站在宽广的平地上向前看,远方天地的交界线,称为地平线,地平线是处理透视图形的重要依据。平视时地平线和视平线重合,地平线就是视平线;俯视时,地平线在视平线的上方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZassdUYqaoyWkQxYfmQc3CsSn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"位置在画者右方的景物,看见它的左侧。位置在画者左方的景物,看见它的右侧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOkSdGs6go0qY6xodNRcbXPynOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡在视平线以上的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈低。视平线以下的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaqedeiMKoC6Caxo15Dc2D2onqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有了以上这些绘画透视知识如果掌握并且运用到绘画中就不会在画中犯常识性的错误,而且构图会合理,符合视觉欣赏的美感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EeI2dWwW0o064oxkLWfcN5Gkngd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":676,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dc1ef1f6e94145bb8982a0bd1da8cdcb","width":726},"text":"","id":"UAGSdOgoqoCKgCx2fhFcYVeenBd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAuSdEIseoOK6Ixg3Agcedpwnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"物体有一组垂直线与画面平行,其他两组线均与画面成一定角度,而每组有一个消失点,共有两个消失点,称为两点透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CSyud0gIyoUuO2xeYORcnWdznde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视(成交透视)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IWyAdyIoKocAyExQV7XcmMIxn8f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b4a231e33bc403b91a7858473f7a665","width":690},"text":"","id":"NkcCdyCGgoOwY8x0GH3cowiknqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZQCOdUo22oIA0Sx4ee3c5Q2UnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视图画面效果比较自由、活泼,能比较真实地反映空间,可以反映建筑物的正侧两面,容易表现出体积感。另外,两点透视加上较强的明暗对比,物体体感会更强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmQcdKmOyogEwexecwzcVw86n1f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7565a0bd7cb844baacdceb8e21821ed4","width":500},"text":"","id":"M4Mkd48cQo6acoxWS0NcV29GnUf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识明暗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQWcdgoaCouy68xW6pPcXPhmnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗产生的原因:有光源(不论是自然光源、人工光源)照射,才会产生明暗;光源直射处(向光)是明亮部,照射不到之处(背光)是黑暗部,反射光所形成的是中间灰色部分。没有光,我们的眼睛将看不到任何东西。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B8W0dUosOo0Iq2x0SCOcf1Xqntc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":542,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识明暗","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/25863dba5bd6446bb3fc3088bb36b306","width":418},"text":"","id":"DS0OdKwi4oug0CxWGugcKAlCnAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"利用铅笔表现明暗的方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gse6dOiYuoEka6x2V6OcIhfynWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔直立地以尖端来画时,画出来的线较明了而坚实;铅笔斜侧起来以尖端的腹部来画时,笔触及线条都比较模糊而柔弱,笔触的方向要整理才不致混乱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQMuduWGAoA26qxWaSMcSblKnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"铅笔画使用橡皮擦注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NeY0d2OwMoCK2Gx0CxVcluOonne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学画一笔不满意时,就马上用橡皮擦去了,第二次画得不对时又再擦去,这是最不好的习惯。一则容易伤害画纸使纸张留下疤痕,再则画时就越画越无把握了,所以应极力避免。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IW6ydaWeGomsoyx2VfccPFZKnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当第一笔画不对时,尽可再画上第二笔,如此画时就有一个标准,容易改正,等浓淡明暗一切都画好之后,再把不用之处的铅笔线,用橡皮轻轻擦去,这样整幅画面就清楚可爱多了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqUKd4usAouMuqx6joBcmQB1n6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画面上的线痕通常到最后都会被暗的部份遮没了,把露出的部份擦去较为省力。同时不用的线痕,往往无形中成为主体的衬托物,所以不擦去无害于画面,有时反而收到无形的效果,这是我们不可不注意的地方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcYOdM8aYo6CIixmYIZcnfXUnYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"空间感","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NKmudsougoiMA8xshTJcq04wnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在绘画中依照几何透视和空间透视的原理,描绘出物体之间的远近、层次、穿插等关系,使之在平面的绘画上传达出有深度的立体的空间感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KoSUdUuwMoqSaWxCAcocEcmVnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前面的物体不要画到后面去了也不要把后面的物体画到前面了,合理的安排他们的位置。让整个画面有一个前大后小,前实后虚。上实下虛的空间效果。总之就是画面的层次感明确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig2CducEAoy8SKx2Qikc8lpFn6f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":622,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"空间感","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b97554d1f98a417d9bb9808dfeb0cd2b","width":760},"text":"","id":"Ui4kdgkkwok2euxs7n9cSb2VnOd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"入门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8oOdyS8oow0C6x0UqDc7bgOnPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描之前要充分做好各种线条的练习,还要做线条的由浅入深、由深到浅的成组练习。经过构图、轮廓、大形深入刻画到整体调整等不同的作画环节,这个作画的过程体现从整体到局部到整体的观察过程。如果没有这种正确的作画程序,就不能保证画面的准确、深入与完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AA2cd8M0EoseMyxYTaTcwmOAnJd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuSQdwo26ooYGcxojXKcWKrVnJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画前要观察研究物体的基本形状,看它的受光方向,结构造型,形成的立体效果,然后用直线勾出","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"它","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的大体轮廓,再依照光源,确定物体的受光(淡面)、侧光(灰面)、遮光(深面)三大部分。最后在这些面与面之间加上衔接的层次,使它自然、圆润起来,直到表现出质感为止。 素描画好后要对描绘的物体进行统筹和完善加工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MaiqdQuiYoeUskxYHufcdbZTnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这个视频讲的是受光的技巧,比较浅显易懂","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",有助于进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0AYdaEMyoWMYkxKg47c0EGfnKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqkCdc2Eeom44ux8ffacUnfLnjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图是每一个学习绘画的人所必须要掌握的一项基本能力,从美得感受出发,让观赏者感受到美、舒服。各部份的一种配置法,依照经过设计的格式,一致的比例,或重复的体系去安排。一般情况下在绘画中构图讲究天小地大、左右均衡;各物体大小适中,整体完整,不可过小,亦不可过大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z4gWdaAAsooCycxwhyXcKwO0nxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五种方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UWuodeo6Co2eGUxigRGczcwYnSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、三角形构图,素描静物中最常用到的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGcYdUiG2oyk0wx0wHKcKUtzn79"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":410,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/da8755248073498d802aabfbd9118368","width":596},"text":"","id":"NMoOdQSWwooQoAxcZ1UcnHninnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形构图是最常见的和最稳定的构图形式,静物分成三组放在三个顶点上。此类构图画面稳定、主体突出、层次明确、错落有致,适合静物数量较少的组合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGcId2OAwoYu8qxsp9ecygdmnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形的三条边是由不同方向的直线合拢而成,而不同的线条组成不同形式的三角形,产生不同的趋势和变化。如果你坐在静物正面中间位置,可能会更多采用三角形构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQCAdyw6Uo0WAuxi08dcR5Lwnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、C形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KCgqdQUEKowoG6xkZDjcP5nLnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0eYdgiQKoYcC0xafb3cJm96ney"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":646,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0765a7ae85074d22b530801ccd23b551","width":498},"text":"","id":"U00CdcikSoMKy2xGqgFcCVEmnGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I24qdCkQyogIOoxhQdLcsTuynop"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“C”形构图,画面动感程度优于其他形式的构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKMCdcKwAo2Uy0xoPiuc2wN9nvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种构图方式使画面具有流动性,更容易表现较大空问的静物组合。“C”形有三个点,主体物往往在中间点的位置.前面的点往往是第一次要物体的摆放位置,最后面的点帮助你加强画而空间层次的推移。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6CadiM2aoQ0KuxgtEbcwLsqnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、S形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GeImd4uKAoIckux6FyuclZQnnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c229460650924a0297ff014fa37a1698","width":499},"text":"","id":"NqO8dsOmAowmgoxegsbcfxP1nxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\"S”具有曲线的优点,优美而富有活力和韵味,所以“S“形构图给人一种美的享受,而且画面显得生动、活泼。读者的视线随着\"S”形向纵深移动,可有力地表现其场景的空间感和深度感。在 \"S”形构图中,通常会缩短 \"S”的上部,拉长 \"S”的下部,以形成“上紧下松”的构图关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUkadCasGoOs8axIhteci8eAnce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、圆形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RmuudOkMAoIO6Yxq1RDcDC6An7R"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":420,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e787b0068cbf4d84865766f0c6ffe8ac","width":600},"text":"","id":"P0iIdMCWkoe66GxyCItcmCc1nNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"圆形构图就是让静物在画面中围成一个圆圈。圆形构图在视觉上给人以旋转、运动和收缩的审美效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T4QQdy2u4oSCioxEXlycSSBunMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当圆形被拉长时,就会变成椭圆形。椭圆形构图大都采用宽大于高的横幅形式,它不仅有静态效果,也会产生动态效果,同时还具有较为明显的整体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyWedCQ4moOmGOxQnZ9cGXA4nPz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、水平式构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOsId8k2mosOwwxekVacO4wvnS2"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":435,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3e9cde1aecb4069a9475f1d123e6be4","width":595},"text":"","id":"Cc6cdkq4QoEs0CxQh98cIsI1noe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水平式构图的物体不能放在画面正中,应当处于一个偏上或者偏下的位置。水平式构图纵向上的空间层次较少,为了让画面丰富,各个物体要在形状、大小、高矮颜色等因素上形成对比,使画面安定、平和,可以增强画面的稳定感。同时还要安排好位置,形成前后的空间层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M664dyokgogOQAxcbMbcuf1on7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"文字讲解不能很直观地展现,可配合","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"视频讲解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"怎么构图","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOSKdA6YgoAWeqx0u9zcj6P6nvb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSMOdAue6o0ao4x2ZYPcTgufnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描轮廓线是指物体外部和内部形状对线条,描述前进或后退的形状之变化方面的一条断续线或连续线。也指物体对形,没有轮廓线就没有\"形” 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GaMMdWaQOoaWUmxY1m8cjrwlngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般来说轮廓包括外轮廓和内轮廓,两者相互依存,就是说外轮廓画错了,内轮廓也必然跟着错,内轮廓错了也会影响外轮廓的准确。在实践中存在的问题是容易把二者分开来观察,分开来画,分开来检查,必须两者结合起来观察并结合起来画才对。要知道轮廓绝非指简单的物体的外框,要内外兼顾方可画准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EiGwdiwsEocCqixkTHKchaNZnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓就是形状,画画的第一步是画形状。形状图对了,就顺利了。越画越难受。勾勒轮廓的暗部可以简单处理,勾勒轮廓的同时可以详细画明面。由于形状的透视变化,尤其是轮廓,一分钟宽度等于几英寸宽度,因为边缘是立体形状。当一个同样宽度的面转向后方时,面的长度会越来越窄,直至消失。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyyEd6wumoosE6x2b2Yca6finDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果外轮廓和内轮廓的基本比例和位置不正确,包含所有细节的形状也会是错误的。所以大纲的确定要严格、严格、细致。 严谨谨慎不是要求你谨小慎微,而是要求你胆大心细。只有大胆细致的书写,勾勒出轮廓,才能知道这幅画的对错。我们要敢于肯定,也要敢于否定和纠正错误。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuGYdkcE0oEeasxSGDHcdlyinPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要想画出正确的轮廓,必须对物体的形象有正确的认识和观察。观察轮廓也是专业训练不可缺少的阶段。一种不仔细观察研究对象,就无法在反复修正的过程中提高识别能力,也无法培养敏锐的视力,理解简单形式的复杂性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FQqWdIUgyocQqAx2igIc4QRMnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进一步学习可以观看视频讲解,可巩固一些知识点","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D0oEduSUSo2sGcxUcuncdjYGncb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XEqOdgooKo4aMixIxtHctn6fnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线是素描最基本的语言元素,在素描中丰富的色调变化是经过许多次的线条叠加而形成的,这其中线条的走向与角度尤其需要注意。画好素描排线就要有一个正确的握笔姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QksEdiSaOoa48sxi4kncZNOnn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的握笔姿势,可以分为两种:持棒式和握笔式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BICGdSS0MoayEExgpYocXhRGn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"持棒式:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2ysd4oyGo0gmwxw1d6cgTcEnHd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":325,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6c0fe1ad2db940e7aec72163cfdd2401","width":485},"text":"","id":"AMUgdy2GcoEmAcxSkW5cZ3t9nHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用拇指、食指和中指,三指拿笔与手掌下,如上图,中指起到辅助作用。用拇指左右摆动,在画面形成规则的接近平行的一排线。在用持棒式方法的时候,笔和画面大约在35度角左右就差不多,手和手腕不要接触画面,如果难掌握,可以用小指做支撑点,也可以用手腕自然的上下画出线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKUOdU0uSosoC4x3ZvrcmVuXnL9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"握笔式:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VoMYd0WAEo6u4ixELITcLwZCn9b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":326,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1be5b21913b44a49bae80a68c1f26554","width":481},"text":"","id":"AiCmdeWeOou8m0xu22KcoLr2nDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种方法就是平时的写字姿势,如上图,这种的握笔方法可以用在面积小的暗面,或者在单体塑造的时候,这种方法用的很多,不像持棒式是在面积大,握笔式很容易掌握,就像写字一样画线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ba4gd8KasowcckxWSCkcrLpJnHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若干组排线最好不要沿同一方向展开,因为沿同一方向或缺乏方向变化的十字形(夹直角)都将导致画面出现板滞和类似平涂的光赋效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RscId2q0moEwyCxA9mccFrionNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7e530a6c2b744738b6585cefe64a1e24","width":364},"text":"","id":"HMsydweK8oiqimx6SBScDmhgnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用一组组的线排开,颜色深浅不同,表现出明暗关系。当我们画苹果时,在背光处铺出一组调子,就是画的暗面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McUyd0EGYo2aSgx0IB3ccrTrnlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ee00dcf85144506ab19680670f87cf4","width":358},"text":"","id":"OweIdgI0qoQA8Cx6GXgc6U0VnNx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线只是用来表现明暗变化,以此来塑造物体体积,表现空间的一种手段。无论怎么排线,只要画出效果就可以,不拘泥于各种形式。各种线的画法会产生不同的效果,所以在画不同的画时我们可以用不同的排线方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HU8Id2464oYKAExEl2ocSiMtnPh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63f1f95577394afd9378cc06a928581e","width":364},"text":"","id":"RuiSd28g8o28QgxfHOUcDiSEnvX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"苹果的画法视频已经讲了很多,感兴趣可以看看","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOEYdYwweoo4gexy40fcvhUanre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":722,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27d6041e9b674601a2885febb822787c","width":607},"text":"","id":"Bq2gdsqS8oE8iYxMJqZcBks4nCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"控制明暗的逐渐变化以创造实体形式的错觉效果,使物体有三度空间的特质。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在深面与灰面上先铺上一片均匀的线条,使受光面暂时空出,这样就是用大块大面来表现物体,然后将各个块面中细部,也同样依照受光、侧光、遮光分成小块、小面来处理。还要注意小块、小面的明暗,使它们服从大面的统一调子,而大面又必须服从于整体。","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026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掌握头部解剖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayqkde26AoKkgqx4KSfc10hanEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在没有模特或具体的作画对象时,画者只能通过记忆或平时头像写生的经验来完成对头像的默写。内外部形体结构的把握能力,以及对素描技法的合理运用和表现能力。在平时的训练中要着重理解头部骨骼的构造、熟悉头骨各部位的名称及正确位置,做到没有参照对象也熊熟练正确地画出头部各部位的位實及解剖关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LoIsdwq0uoGEmSxqmmlcqe0NnNf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"头像写生训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6Wydmk4woqeGuxAzsFcn0UcnXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平时要积累大量的人物头像写生的作画经验,在人物头像写生训练中,要有针对性地选择写生对象。如选择考试中经常出现的男青年或女青年模特进行写生训练,也适当选择一些老年模特写生,有备无患。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIu0dQoUuoa8wIxoFKKcz910n0g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹加强记忆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zac8d0Aw0o2M0gxmWzkc6sxnnXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习头像写生的最好办法,也是提高素描头像造型能力的有效途径之一。通过临摹,学习他人的经验和技法,真切地体会画者的感受和意图,领会作品的精神所在。这样既节省时间又事半功倍。临摹还能提高眼睛的准确观察力及眼与手的配合能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Humadoem6oq0uWxg3eIc8CKvnNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2eydGeyooWoimx8tCec2a22n8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描所表达的是形体与空间不外乎黑、白、灰三字,一幅素描起码应该具备三个方面的成功:一是形体结构准确,二是黑、白、灰大层次分明,三是中心焦点突出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R84od4yemoOsAuxqUcacjcDjnwc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":643,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9bda6f048e0c46c98c13d46ad0d2a6c3","width":491},"text":"","id":"E4KqdMWocouuKExv1TxcUq6Dnin"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中心焦点是有视觉习惯形成的,所谓焦点,在客观上应该是在结构中最有特征、又最能展示形体与空间部位的。常位于画幅前景接近中心的部位,是中心也是重心。画素描就应有点偏心,如果平均用力不仅破坏了整体感,也违背了视觉的真实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ym6CdmUmGosmo0xQjQecM348nFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓线(包括一些局部轮廓线)只是物体的某些面在转移时被缩小了形象,用轮廓线来认识世界不应是初习素描者的课题,而先要学习用立体的观念来研究世界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0aSdweoEoCWkKxgdWMcAjOFnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这条线的表现力是不容忽视的,因为物体表面有丰富的起伏向纵深转折时又与空间组成各种关系,它时浓时淡,宽窄虚实,变化无穷,不单单只是一条“线”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WI4sd8YQkoe6qMxGyKCcVfKTnFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWGkdc8oComOO0xk7X6c1sg7nBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一是结构,第二才是光,黑白则是它的附属物。大家要学会借助黑白来认识形体结构,但有时黑白也会歪曲形体结构的原来面貌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAswdEe6coMGmaxOYROcNHGEnGe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":719,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/89f7cf4f15e640ed8b41d8b11f1b4581","width":552},"text":"","id":"DYC0diG0qowW4WxQWUDcZqQencx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描就是找区别,大区别就是“大关系”,凡是大关系都具有整体性的分量,它容纳并制约着所有局部,因而它是最重要的。小区别就是“小关系”,就是指处于同一色调中的轻微差异。相对于整体来说,它们只能被称之为“局部”。它们以一定的比例或层次关系组织起来并充实着整体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J8MEdyYa6oWQgMxyAIDctUlYnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没有局部,“整体”便是空的,而如果没有整体的制约,“局部”就成为散乱无序,所以它们是相辅相成辨证统一的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkgmdmcuWoWSSQxmkVKcUuRUn4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构的透视变形色调的黑白相称,对边线的虚实处理,三者共同担负着表现空间与体积的任务。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsWidy2uYouUaKxaEWucNEnonEb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L8gedq8o6oog46xKKTQcuuJcn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。用线条来组成物体的形象,并且描绘于平面之上,藉由线条形式引起观者的联想。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIWIduuw2oyCsaxYXesclq1LnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如两条线相交所构成的角形,可以被认为是某平面的边界;另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶,交会聚集的线条可表现深度。人们可以从线条的变化当中,得到可以领会的形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMSgdK88eowKyEx2DHmcLcFQnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线条区分立体与平面,至于色彩明暗是为了加强和厘清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始,消失和中断来画出边界,并且形成平面,也可使色彩至边界而上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCWkdUwIEocK8mxiU9AcBuXEnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线条的粗细能表现物体的变化,甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来,还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时,在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料,用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WAGSdcYcGoEiSSxAFDscjosIngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOSgdy2UUouKcCxQHOtc2sUynoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"透过线条手段,单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描,这个视频讲的比较清楚","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AumidSiWcoKW6KxA9IhcASKYnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":668,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9d1a50672c414a2f8a884d527b5ef69a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