1. 分光光度计uv5200
UV光源从几瓦到上千瓦不等,其在运行过程中,会匹配适合的冷水机进行冷却降温,以下为各个瓦数所匹配的冷水机型号: CW-5000AI用于冷却300W-600W UV-LED光源 CW-5200AI用于冷却1KW-1.4KW UV-LED光源 CW-6000AN用于冷却1.6KW-2.5KW UV-LED光源 CW-6100AN用于冷却2.5KW-3.6KW UV-LED光源 CW-6200AN用于冷却3.6KW-5KW UV-LED光源 CW-6300EN用于冷却5KW-9KW UV-LED光源 CW-7500EN用于冷却9KW-11KW UV-LED光源
2. 分光光度计uv5100
1、偏振镜的规格应当根据镜头的规格进行配置,与机身无关;
2、索尼A5100的套机16-50镜头滤镜尺寸的40.5mm,故偏振镜尺寸是40.5;
3、使用偏振镜的目的是防止反光、压缩高光、增加对比度和增加饱和度等,这在风光摄影中非常有用,特别是拍摄蓝天白云。但使用方法不同于UV镜,UV只要拧在镜头前即可,不必再去管它,而偏振镜虽然也是拧在镜头前,但使用时需要转动偏振镜到最合适的角度,这样才能起作用。挂着不拧动是不行的;
4、使用偏振镜会降低光线亮度,需要适当降低快门;
5、偏正镜不能挂机用,只是在需要用的时候才拧上,比如拍摄风光或者有反光的水面、玻璃等。希望对楼主有帮助。
3. UV分光光度计
一,开机预热
1. 打开仪器样品室盖板,拿出其中用于干燥的硅胶袋。确保样品室光路无物体阻挡。再关上样品室盖板。
2 打开仪器右侧下部电源开关,仪器即进入自检程序。自检过程中不得打开样品室盖板。
3 自检结束,再按仪器面板上的“F4”键,仪器即可切换至由电脑控制。
4 启动电脑,点击软件UV Probe, 出现对话框后,点击下部的“Connect”按钮。
二、样品准备
1样品以适当的溶剂溶解。注意:不能用氯仿!因其可导致比色皿散架!二氯甲烷亦应慎用。常用溶剂为水及醇类。
2测样前确认比色皿是玻璃的还是石英的?因玻璃在紫外区有吸收,作紫外光谱扫描要用石英比色皿,一般其上部标上“S”或“Q”的标志。
三、样品测定
1. 在软件界面选择windows按钮,下拉,选择Spectrum按钮,点击,即出现光谱测量界面。
2. 将样品的溶剂分别倒入两个比色皿中,加至比色皿约2/3的高度,再盖上方形比色皿顶盖(以免溶剂挥发而影响测定结果)。手持比色皿粗糙面(毛面),用擦镜纸轻轻擦净比色皿光面。
3将两个比色皿放入样品室的比色皿架中。其中一个为参比架,一个为样品架(默认为靠外侧的比色皿架)。
4在Spectrum界面单击Baseline,选定波长为800~200 nm,启动基线校正操作。
5Baseline操作结束,选择"Go To WL",在对话框中输入500 (nm)。点击确定。
6再点击“Autozero”,以消除两个比色皿之间的误差。
7拿出样品架的比色皿,加入待测样品至2/3高度。
8点击“Start”。仪器即开始扫描光谱。
9扫描结束,右侧窗口即可出现光谱图。一般要保持吸光度在0.1~1.0之间较为合适。如果样品太浓,稀释后再重新测定。调整横轴和纵轴到合适的范围。点击光谱图可查看相关的参数,如:吸收峰等。
10点击“File”---“Save as”可保存当前的文件。
此处只介绍紫外光谱的测定方法。其它测量(如:光度定量测量、动力学等)详见说明书。
四、关机
1测量完毕,将比色皿从样品池中取出。
2 点击软件下部的按钮“Disconnect”,退出软件窗口。
3 关闭仪器右下侧的电源开关。
4将干燥用的硅胶袋放入样品室中。
5在仪器登记本上记录。注意:在仪器使用过程中如有异常,应在登记本上详细说明情况,并报告主管老师。
五、清场
1 用适当的溶剂洗净比色皿。
2 带走废液、废纸等垃圾。
4. uv753
行书,是一种书法统称,分为行楷和行草两种。在楷书的基础上发展,是介于楷书、草书之间的一种字体,是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。"行"是"行走"的意思,因此它不像草书那样潦草,也不像楷书那样端正。
行书特点
行书作为一种有别于其他字体的独立字体,自然在笔画形态、用笔方法、部首写法以及结构上都有其自身的一些特点。
行笔增速
行书的行笔增速是相对楷书而言的。行书在增速上,不仅表现在笔画与笔画出现牵丝映带、以圆转代替方折,还表现在笔顺的改变和以简代繁甚至借用草书的一些写法上等等。但是在书写时不能为了快而快,造成笔笔相连如蜘蛛网一样。
笔画线条多变
楷如立,行如走,行书的走体现在笔画的流动性而形成的动感上。起笔多以露锋起笔,笔画之间增加呼应等,下面仅从四个方便加以说明:
附笔连接
所谓附笔,就是一个字的原来笔画顺势而出现的附加笔画(比较细、比较虚)。如点、横画与下面的笔画衔接时,出现附钩;与上面的笔画衔接时出现附挑;长撇收笔处往往出现明显的起钩,看上去与“钩”没有什么不同,实际上是撇画的附钩。如图:
这些附钩、附挑与上笔、下笔连接的呼应关系极为明显,使笔画脉络相通,活泼流畅、动感十足。但要注意,这些附钩、附挑的出现,是行笔过程中起笔和收笔留下的自然痕迹,不可有意去描摹追求。否则会失去天然美。
以圆代方
行书的转折笔画,方笔明显减少,而以圆代替方折,这是由于行笔增快的原因。转折处省略了提按的顿笔,圆转而过,使笔画圆润自然。如图:
变直为弧
楷书要求横平竖直,而行书的横竖由于行笔增快,为了增强笔画之间的呼应关系,长横和长竖的写法有的稍带弧形。如图:
但不是所有的横、竖都作弧形,如中竖就要挺直,即便是稍带有弧形的笔画,也要有一定的力度,柔中见刚。
以简代繁
楷书的笔画各自独立,其笔画数目严格遵循汉字规范,一个字由几个笔画就写几个笔画。写行书时,为了书写简便,往往将相邻的笔画连写,合并线条,或对楷书的某些部位做了简化,减少起、收笔的次数。
楷书的钩画,在书写行书时,多省略了起钩。如图:
行书的基本笔画点画,可以代替横、竖、撇、捺笔画。如图:
行书的部首在楷书的基础上出现连笔,减少了笔画数,使书写更加方便。如图:
笔顺变化
行书的笔顺大部分遵循楷书笔顺规则,但为了连写便捷,一篇字中有时会出现一些人们习惯使用的行草书字形,有些字就改变了常规的笔画顺序。如图(楷书6笔,行书3笔):
体势变化
由于行书的笔画较之楷书发生了一些变化,其结果也随着带来了变化。大体有以下几种情况:
1、一个字有多种写法
如“是”字下半部分,“花”字的字头,写得有放有缩,同中有异,多样而统一,颇有趣味。如图:
2.打破楷书端庄方正的束缚,略带攲斜,自成新的体势
如横画可以较大幅度上斜,笔画的走向也可以略偏离原来楷书的轨道。这就在不同程度上改变了楷书的体势,使整篇字中的个体和群体都变得自由活泼了,避免了楷书的呆板。如图:
行书运笔技巧
笔画运行
硬笔行书的基本笔画,在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。
所谓起笔,就是开始书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔;行笔,就是书写笔画的中间运笔;收笔,就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画,左为起笔,中为行笔,右为收笔,等等。起笔有轻有重,行笔有快有慢,收笔有回有露。例如:
提笔、按笔
硬笔行书的用笔也讲究提按,以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔,就是笔从纸面提起,笔尖触纸力度小,笔画要细;所谓按笔,就是笔尖在纸上往下按,笔尖触纸力度大,笔画要粗一些。如图:
翻笔、折笔
翻笔,一般是向上取逆势,上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑。如“古”字的横,“人”、“有”的撇都是用翻笔写成的。折笔,一般是向下、向右取顺势,如“口”字的横折、“山”字的竖折,都是用这笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔,都要求用笔慢而有力。如图:
侧笔
侧笔主要取字的姿态,笔画的下笔处比较方折,显得刚劲有力。如“五、方”等字的长横,“永、广”等字的侧点,“志”字的中竖,“个”字的斜撇等,都是侧笔写成的。如图:
涩笔
涩笔,书写时故意放慢行笔速度,认为制造行笔阻力。目的在于强调线条的质感,多用于竖钩、竖弯钩等笔画。如图:
游笔
游笔似行云流水,用笔流畅、便捷,多用于钩画字的轮廓,以增加线条的流动。如图:
掠笔
掠笔也叫牵丝,书写时将笔轻提,一带而过。掠笔的作用是牵引笔画,加强上一笔画与下一笔画之间的联系。但要注意,掠笔使用要自然,不能笔笔都用牵丝或人为地去描摹。如图:
叠笔
叠笔,就是在原来的行笔路线上重返进行。这种方法,可以使局部笔画变得丰润。需要注意的是重叠的距离不能过长。如图:
行书笔画
基本笔画
笔画是构成字的基本要素,练习基本笔画是书写汉字的基本功训练。行书笔画是在楷书笔画的基础上增加速度和流动感,有时可直接使用楷法,有时增加牵丝,钩挑或弧形笔画。
点
1、带勾点是由点带出勾挑,如“不”字,目的是牵引下一字。写法是先顺势写长点,用笔要由轻而重、由左而右,勾时再用力顿一下,然后迅速向左下勾出。带勾点要有一定的弯势,不能生硬僵直;线条要遭劲流利,不能软弱迟疑。
2、带下点是指上下两点一笔带下,如“淤”(于)字。写法是落笔写上点,用力顿一下,再提笔写下点,最后再用力顿一下,迅速勾出。上点略侧,下点稍平,上下点之间,用一细细的牵丝相连。使上下连贯、粗细分明,有形态、有动势。
3、带右点是由左点带出右点,如“以”字。写法是用笔轻落重按先写左点,然后提笔写右点,略顿一下用力向右上趯出,趯勾要短小。写带右点时左点要大右点要小,如两点差不多大,就缺少变化。
4、合二点是指左右两点相呼相应,如“六”字。写法是轻落重按写左点,然后用力向右上勾出,再顺着勾势写右点,最后用力向左下撇出。合二点虽然中间没有牵丝相连,但要一气呵成,左点与右点之间应左高右低,遥相呼应。
横
1、下勾横是指横画下面带勾,如“然”字。“然”字下面本来是四点,现改写为一横画,是采用了草书写法。写法是落笔略顿,再向右写横,至末端用力折笔向左下勾出。
2、上挑横是指横画上面带挑,如“古”字。写法是在写好一横后,再用力一顿翻笔上挑而出.上挑横与下勾横不同处是末端收笔的方向不一样,前者上挑,后者下勾;上挑是为了顺势写上画,下勾是为了开启下笔。
竖
1、悬针竖是指竖画下面尖尖的如针倒悬,如“半”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下、由重而轻写竖画。悬针竖要如针垂直端悬,不能东斜西倒。
2、垂露竖是指竖画下面不失如露水倒垂,如“申”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下写竖画,至末端再略顿一下,回锋收笔。垂露竖的两端用笔重而中间用笔轻,两端书写速度慢而中间书写速度快,竖中带挺呈曲势,如人挺立,显得精神饱满。
3、曲勾竖是指竖画下端带曲勾,如“抑”字。写法是写好一竖后,末端收笔时顺势向左下迅速勾出。曲勾竖的竖中略带曲势,并非一味地端直。
4、仰勾竖是指竖画下端带仰勾,如“隆”字。写法是落笔写竖画,至末端再用力向右上勾出。。仰勾竖与曲勾竖的差别是前者仰勾向上、由左而右,后者曲勾向下、由右而左;前者是承上笔,后者是启下画。
撇
1、回锋撇是指撇画下端回锋向上,如“化”字。写法是落笔稍重,随着向左下写撇,至撇尾再回锋向上收笔。因为撇尾回锋收笔,并非出锋收笔。所以撇尾不失而圆。
2、挑脚撇是指撇画下端挑脚向上,如“今”字。写法与回锋撇同,只是收笔时挑脚而出呈勾状。一般说,回锋撇往往是撇后写竖,笔势角度小,挑脚撇往往是撇后写捺,笔势角度大。
3、斜撇斜撇是楷书写法,撇端尖尖的,如“余”字。写法是落笔稍重,然后逐渐提笔向左下撇出,撇时要轻灵不要迟疑,而且力要送到撇尖。
4、平撇平撇在字头,短小而平,如“重”字。写法是落笔重,略顿,随后提笔迅速撇出。平撇的形态有点象鸟啄,短小尖锐。
捺
1、斜捺是指捺画斜而长,如“秦”字。斜捺在汉字中往往与斜撇相配,如同人的左右手。写法是顺着撇势轻落笔,略横行,接着转笔向右下方写。捺时要稍用力,随即向右平捺出。斜捺的形态是一波三折,故又称“波画”。
2、回锋捺是指斜捺的捺脚收笔处不是出锋而是回锋,如“天”字。写法与斜捺同,只是最后回锋收笔,露出下尖勾,目的是为了书写下一字。
3、反捺是从斜捺、回锋捺变化而来,如“木”字。写法是轻落笔,触纸后徐徐用力向右下行笔,然后用力向左下勾出。
4、圆曲捺是指游水捺的三弯处圆曲如环。写法是先落笔写一点,接着顺势写一竖,再提笔向右拐弯,然后回锋或藏锋收笔。写回曲捺要注意两点,一是拐弯要圆曲不能生硬,二是捺尾要圆浑不能尖利。
5、平捺在字的下面起托的作用,因比字头或字中的斜捺角度较小波画较平而名之,如“之”字。写法是回锋落笔,略横,随着向右下用笔,然后用力平平捺出。平捺与斜捺一样,形态是一波三折,有一种流动的势态。
6、挑勾捺是指平捺的捺脚上挑,如“超”字。写法是写好平捺后,捺脚不平出,而是顺势上挑成勾状,目的是为了便于写“走”字里面的部分。挑勾捺其实是在平捺快写后顺着笔势自然形成的一种写法,不可勉强为之。
挑
1、短挑是挑画的一种,线条短小,如“地”字。短挑在行书中是承着其他点画书写而出,短小精锐,恰似一把短剑。写法是落笔后略顿,随即逐渐提笔用力挑出。
2、撇折挑是指撇和挑连写,如“福”字。写法是先写一撇,然后折笔用力向右上迅速挑出,撇折挑要注意折处,书写时点画务必交待清楚,不能含含糊糊,拖泥带水。
勾
1、蟹爪勾是指竖勾屈曲似蟹爪,如“寺”字。写法是先写竖画,然后转笔向左行笔,再翻笔向上勾出。蟹爪勾是竖勾的变化写法,形态优美、线条雄健、气势酣畅。
2、戈勾即戈字勾,如“戊”字。写法是侧锋落笔,然后纵笔而下,勾时用力翻笔向上勾出。戈画平中带弧有韧劲,刚中含柔见纵势。
3、背抛勾是指从背面反抛勾出,如“夙”字。写法是顺势写上横画,拐弯时折笔而下,然后宛转提笔写下弯画,再翻笔向左上勾出。背抛勾转弯抹角处不能生硬有棱角,勾尖要向内,对着字心首画。
4、浮鹅勾因形同白鹅浮绿水而名,如“毛”字。写法是落笔稍重,接着用笔向下写直画,随即提笔拐弯写横,最后翻笔向上勾出。浮鹅勾要鹅头高昂,鹅身平正,方正中呈圆势,态度雍容大方,气宇轩昂不几。
5、回锋勾如同回锋捺是斜捺的快写形式一样,回锋勾是浮鹅勾的快写形式,如“也”字。写法是顺势写竖横圆曲折,然后翻笔由上绕一小圈向下勾出。回锋勾与浮鹅勾的不同处除了勾的形式和方向不一样外,是回锋勾的竖横向内圆曲而浮鹅勾的竖横向外开拓。向内圆曲的比较宛转流利,向外开拓的比较雄健挺拔。
折
1、横勾折是指横画加折勾,如“罪”字。写法是落笔先写横画,折时稍用力向左下方勾出。横勾折不仅要横与勾的笔画分明,而且转折要自然有力。
2、竖勾折是指竖画加折勾,如“问”字。写法是先写竖画,要心胸挺起,折时不妨笔略提起,再顿下去,然后迅速向左上勾出。
3、曲折在行书中用得很多,凡是撇捺连续快写都成曲折,如“根”字。写法是落笔写撇画,接着向右折笔,再随即向下勾。曲折形似闪电,富于动态。
4、撇捺折是撇捺的连写,但书写较工整,如“衣”字。写法是落笔稍重,再逐渐提笔写撇,然后回锋向右下方写反捺,即成。撇捺折在撇捺的交接处要连写,要有折的风味。
5、三弯折是指三弯折曲折成三弯,如“乃”字。写法是先落笔写横,再折笔写弯,接着顺势向下弯出。三弯折要折而有韧劲,弯曲自然舒展。
6、内勾折是由横撇折的外勾变为内勾,如“序”字。写法是写好横画后,接着翻笔写撇,撇要成内包势,随即趁势向右上勾出。
7、鹅勾折是浮鹅勾的快速简便写法,如“光”字。写法是依势落笔写短斜竖,随即折笔向右上勾出。鹅勾折的折处要圆润遒丽,用笔要流畅明净。
行书偏旁
行书偏旁一定要根据与其所搭配的单体的长短、肥瘦,大小不同而有所变化,不能千篇一律。此外,部首一定要与其所搭配的单体互相呼应。呼应的方法,或者借助于楷书用意连,或者借助于草书用形连。形连时要注意既要靠牵丝,又要靠笔势,过多地使用牵丝,如果形连势不能连,整个字仍是盘散沙。
食字旁
侧锋落笔写撇,随即回锋写横勾折,接着顺势写竖仰勾。整个食字旁线条清楚匀称,是一笔写成。
衣字旁
首点向左下带出一点以呼应下一笔,撇点用撇提代替,改变示字旁的书写顺序。
弓字旁
先落笔写横折,再翻笔写横折勾。弓字旁的弓须一气呵成,不能用两笔或三笔写成。
虫字旁
落笔写短斜竖,再顺势写横竖折,接着回锋写下横,然后翻笔向上写竖折挑,为了便于书写,行书虫字旁的一点往往省掉。
马字旁
落笔写出折勾,再回笔写竖横折勾,最后顺势写下横。下横一般写成挑画,以便书写右面点画。
页字旁
页字旁主要是在右部。其第一横要稍长,抗肩,中间用小撇画,不要太长,撇画的起笔位置稍靠左,第二个撇画的弯度较大一些,但不要写的太长,最后撇画带出小钩,呼应最后一点。
舌字旁
首先平撇要短,角度稍平,竖写短,横可稍长,但口字要写小。所以偏旁整体要小。
田字旁
田字旁也是写小,且整体稍向右上斜。
行书章法
行书是介于楷书和草书之间的书体,是日常生活书写中最常用最流行的书体。尤以钢笔行书为最。行书笔画、结构有一定的伸缩性,形态又多变化,丰富奇彩、意到笔随,可塑性大,利于发挥艺术效果,实用价值更是超过其它书体。一副得意之作,通篇结构,引领管带,首尾呼应,一气呵成,各尽意志,气适流动,起伏随势,巧布虚陈,寄情寓意,无不淋漓尽致,酣畅爽快,令人赏心悦目。这些都说明章法在行书创作中显得尤为重要。
章法特点
行书由于笔画、结构变化较大,形体各异,加之书写风格不同,因而即使同一字也会出现多种形态,有肥瘦、长短、方圆、雄浑、挺拨、俊秀等差别。正是这些差别,使行书作品千姿百态,异彩纷呈,构成了不同的气韵的章法。因此,行书的谋篇布局较楷书要灵活得多,具有如下特点:
笔势多取纵势
由于行书笔画活泼流动,笔画之间有牵纵行带,前字的末笔与后字的首笔连带密切,如取纵势,更显得如行云流水,气韵贯通,给人以一气呵成之势。
疏密变化自如
行书除笔画、结构有疏密变化外,在整体布局中通过改变字形的大小、长短、字态的肥瘦、俯仰,能自由地调整疏密位置与布白,达到疏密得当,布白奇妙的效果。
参差错落有致
行书不仅仅笔画、结体各部分及字与字之间有参差变化外,而且行与行之间及通篇亦有错落变化,这样,整体布局显得活泼灵动,妙趣横生。
行气直抒胸臆
由于行书书写速度较快,行笔之时情法于中、笔情交融,最能直接表达书者的情感,增加作品的感染力。
谋篇技巧
以动为主
楷书的章法以静为主要特征,给人以平和稳定、一丝不苟、不激不厉和端正严肃的感觉;行书章法则以动为主要特征,给人以生动飘逸和富有生命活力的感觉。
前人出书法要“师造化”,凡在现实生活中能见到的动作姿态,都可借鉴到行、草书中去,以增强行书作品的动感,丰富其内涵和底蕴。多欣赏和临写古今行书大家作品,也是培养书写动感的有效途径。我们不能用楷书的结体和章法来写行书,这样会使作品显得沉快无生气。
虽然行书强调动感,但并不是随意为之、不要法度,它仍要遵循一定的规律,以严谨求灵变,避免过于放纵。
以不齐求齐
楷书要求字的上下左右间隔匀称,排列整齐,以工整规范为美。行书则要求字形有大小,间隔有疏密排列,有错落变化,以局部的不整齐求得整体的平衡、稳定和齐整,以变化为美。一幅好的行书作品,初看起来一行一行排列得很整齐,行与行之间的距离也相等,一气呵成,浑然一体,气韵生动,但细看起来,我们不难发现,字与字并不对齐,有的偏左,有的偏右,左右动荡不写,行与行之间的距离也不相等,有的紧,有的松,没有定则,即所谓的“行书无写法”,需要我们多实践、多体会。
具有节奏变化
一幅好的行书作品,就象一首抒情的歌曲,时而婉转平和,时而高亢豪迈,时而如行云流水,时而如电闪雷鸣,几经曲折,波澜起伏。这些都是书者书写时情感的自然渲泄,这种渲泻是有节奏的,体现了行书作品的节奏美。
前后呼应
行书作品最注重首字,应静心写好文稿第一字,以统领全篇。要使行书的章法显得严谨而又富于变化,一定要注意前后呼应关系,要意在笔先,事先考虑好前后字的衔接问题。
书写姿势
坐姿
正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看,还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥,有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养,只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。
1、头部端正:头要居中,稍向前下方俯视,眼睛与纸面一尺距离,不可俯得太低,也不可左偏、右斜。
2、身直肩平:臀部平坐于椅子中间大部,不能扭向一边,两肩平齐,上身不弯曲,使上身重心安稳。
3、臂开胸舒:两臂自然开张,两肘平放桌面,保持一线,腹背挺直,胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离,使呼吸顺畅。
4、腿开足安:两腿分开,与肩同宽,自然下垂,内侧保持平行,两脚平放地上,使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势,才能使字写得端正,重心平衡。同时,正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。
握姿
执笔方法不正确,不但妨碍书写姿势,影响书写质量,还会给书写者身心健康带来危害,不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点,硬笔是三指执笔法,斜拿。
正确的执笔方法:
①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆(三指处于同一平面);
②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm(两指左右);
③所有指关节都向外弯;
④笔杆位于食指的根部(如下图)。
同时,还要做到:
①指实:拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量,处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上,将笔杆夹牢,松紧适度。
②掌虚:无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢,并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座,虚贴桌面。
③杆斜:笔杆向右后方倾斜,紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向,与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字,手指向前伸直,笔杆与纸面角度减小;书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩,笔杆与纸面角度大,宜于精離细琢。
工具
选笔
钢笔
钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。适合练字的钢笔,日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776,百乐78G,写乐21K等。
关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:
(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;
(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;
(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。
中性笔
中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。
推荐适合练字的中性笔
1、国产中性笔宝克PC-1168,这款笔无论从握持手感、出水流畅度、品控还是书写感受方面,都属于第一梯队的,一点也不比那些昂贵的进口中性笔差。
2、百乐P700和P500,其实就是0.7和0.5,笔感超级顺滑,而且出水不多不少,非常好写,这么出名是有原因的。可能看不出来,但0.5确实比0.7的更细。练字推荐用0.7,0.5的可以日常用。
中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:
(1)书写流度,笔触顺骨,笔画饱满,墨色均匀;
(2)握笔舒适度,长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感;
(3)墨干燥速度,书写时不会被谱黑就行。
其他笔
除了钢笔和中性笔,其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多,最为常见的有铅笔,圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。
纸张
练习纸种类繁多,常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等,练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础,初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等,随着阶段的变化,练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助,达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序,不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。
重点:从脱离米字格到白纸,练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习,不属于完全转换状态。
另外,有以下几个点可以注意:
(1)当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题,建议换纸。
(2)不要使用线格过小的纸,选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。
(3)不要刻意追求“好”纸,硬笔行书的练习对纸的要求较低。
字帖
如果基础比较差,或者追求没那么高,可以从现代字帖练,比较容易上手。如果想追求书法或者有一定基础,那么就要多临摹古帖了。硬笔临摹古帖,初学以赵孟頫行楷《妙严寺》、《胆巴碑》过度,再以《赤壁赋》、《吴兴赋》入手,然后可以临文征明等二王一路的帖。或者直接以李邕《法华寺》入手。以上字帖,要下大功夫临摹,专注一本,长期熏修,悟到行书精髓,然后可以遍临诸家。
推荐字帖
1、田英章的字帖
田英章的硬笔字,刚中带柔,舒展洒脱。
以下是田英章老师的一些作品:
2、李放鸣字帖
李放鸣字的风格与田英章老师较为相近。其书法字帖因选材独特、版式新颖、印刷精美,被许多学校作为指定书法教材,在全国首届硬笔书法系列评比中获书家组“十佳字帖”奖,
以下是李放鸣老师的一些作品:
3、司马彦行书
司马彦的行书相当棒特别适合初学者临习,临他的字帖其优点是不容易走偏而且有利于将来的发展是国内目前少有的即有名气又有实力的书法家,他的行书字帖是国内许多院校硬笔行书的必修课。
书写注意的问题
钢笔行书的幅式有中堂条幅、条屏、对联、横幅、长卷、扇面等幅式。
钢笔行书函文的书写形式,也有竖写和横写两种方式。常用的排列方式,与楷书大体接近。一般用单线稿纸或无格纸书写较多,方格纸用得较少。
钢笔行书的落款,款文要用本体或行草书写,款文字形要小于正文,钤印的印章宁少勿多,1-2方足矣。印章的大小,应等于或略大于款文,但不得大于正文。钤印位置要与正文相呼应,起到活跃布局、平衡作品的作用。
(一)要以楷书为基础,在结构和用笔两方面练好扎实的基本功。行书的用笔和结构虽然较楷书有所变化,但还没有达到草书“解散楷体”的程度。因此,学习行书必须要具备一定的楷书基础。
(二)要重视临摹。行书虽然承袭楷书,但笔画、部首和结体都发生了一些规律性的变化。这些规律性的变化、写法,就要通过临摹去掌握,而不能随心所欲。
(三)不宜过分强调和滥用行书的用笔特点。前面讲了行书诸多特点,在书写中适当运用能给字增色,但如果过分追求和滥用某一方面的特点,就会走向反面。如,笔笔相连,就会造成圈眼密布而形同蛛网。
(四)学习行书宜从部首开始。行书在长期使用过程中形成了一些约定俗成的写法,熟悉和掌握这些部首的写法,就能了解行书的造形规律,收到举一反三之效。
坚持练字
当我们学习一项新技能,坚持这件事无疑是学习过程中最重要的事,也是最难做到的事,练字也是这样。
想要坚持就得有大的决心,然后培养出习惯,并且能体会到练字给自己带来的乐趣。在坚持的过程中,能够得到来自别人和自己的肯定。
所以,不妨列一个计划,树立一个可以达到的目标。前期的目标不能追求质的改变,需要做量的积累。例如,我要临写琴赋,我每周要认真的练10个字。我第一天可以通临一遍,我第三十天的时候再通临一遍。可以做一次比较。如果认真练,一个月,成果还是能激励到自己的。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书,是一种书法统称,分为行楷和行草两种。在楷书的基础上发展,是介于楷书、草书之间的一种字体,是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。\"行\"是\"行走\"的意思,因此它不像草书那样潦草,也不像楷书那样端正。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYooE6s02q6YwaIX4hu9uoh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCmOEs00igwWECGZNmciYhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书作为一种有别于其他字体的独立字体,自然在笔画形态、用笔方法、部首写法以及结构上都有其自身的一些特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkAmU6qiK4i8Qv6BxHNrRh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行笔增速","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw6GEi4esci8uQI1iR5Lh6N"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的行笔增速是相对楷书而言的。行书在增速上,不仅表现在笔画与笔画出现牵丝映带、以圆转代替方折,还表现在笔顺的改变和以简代繁甚至借用草书的一些写法上等等。但是在书写时不能为了快而快,造成笔笔相连如蜘蛛网一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4A2qasEiuWUYkZ1dqB2YKg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画线条多变","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAC0IEe8smUMWUNkE65pqFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷如立,行如走,行书的走体现在笔画的流动性而形成的动感上。起笔多以露锋起笔,笔画之间增加呼应等,下面仅从四个方便加以说明:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmo2EUA2QyQYQOpRuAKjWVN"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"附笔连接","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKO8U08cWWeECqYPIfYOYFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓附笔,就是一个字的原来笔画顺势而出现的附加笔画(比较细、比较虚)。如点、横画与下面的笔画衔接时,出现附钩;与上面的笔画衔接时出现附挑;长撇收笔处往往出现明显的起钩,看上去与“钩”没有什么不同,实际上是撇画的附钩。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng40Ayk4sOochdaUkUaDoRc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":108,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"附笔连接","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eca8f277af0b489aac734555f6636835","width":573},"text":"","id":"doxcne4MYO0e0MSEOaqWW5DscEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这些附钩、附挑与上笔、下笔连接的呼应关系极为明显,使笔画脉络相通,活泼流畅、动感十足。但要注意,这些附钩、附挑的出现,是行笔过程中起笔和收笔留下的自然痕迹,不可有意去描摹追求。否则会失去天然美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQosAsCSGaCgIWgLBtZK6cf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以圆代方","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnke0eqiaMQIEkckKTrA1cjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的转折笔画,方笔明显减少,而以圆代替方折,这是由于行笔增快的原因。转折处省略了提按的顿笔,圆转而过,使笔画圆润自然。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMIigaa6YeQ0cqQPyA7Bwrh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以圆代方","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fa22bfea6aca41b7a9421e6071527ebe","width":595},"text":"","id":"doxcnSw6iMMO06ssymyB1twoYmh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"变直为弧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00YcUQm8uSGQuGKq3NljJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书要求横平竖直,而行书的横竖由于行笔增快,为了增强笔画之间的呼应关系,长横和长竖的写法有的稍带弧形。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaKskOi0sY4KGakHWIsQk3z"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":116,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"变直为弧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/15c909205ef94238b967205ddc025d52","width":613},"text":"","id":"doxcnGqo4eSEKUUwSwTXTYrUHic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"但不是所有的横、竖都作弧形,如中竖就要挺直,即便是稍带有弧形的笔画,也要有一定的力度,柔中见刚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYi0UGKweOYA4KkT58rn5T2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiaEmcsGagIm4OSsc9z8bc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的笔画各自独立,其笔画数目严格遵循汉字规范,一个字由几个笔画就写几个笔画。写行书时,为了书写简便,往往将相邻的笔画连写,合并线条,或对楷书的某些部位做了简化,减少起、收笔的次数。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsQQsMgoM2A402yVHiHyPUv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的钩画,在书写行书时,多省略了起钩。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6eyqgoGoem08SsWngD7f3f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":98,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b354150271a34825903868d3d515d728","width":628},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6KygmS0QoOUwjHQ8geBXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的基本笔画点画,可以代替横、竖、撇、捺笔画。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmYOkwSwUuW4YMRE6knAXNc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":122,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d2f6f6b0635a4c848a1d6491f4eeb70a","width":610},"text":"","id":"doxcnaoEGQ0IMI62yuwFnncnP1u"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的部首在楷书的基础上出现连笔,减少了笔画数,使书写更加方便。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8CEO06kGaGiWK2FYjnhIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":131,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2aa6fa9722874a839bae5d58753edc10","width":624},"text":"","id":"doxcnsOuGiIi2ySsEamQ4uXeCXe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔顺变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWYccUaQYoYwYVjno6mVFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的笔顺大部分遵循楷书笔顺规则,但为了连写便捷,一篇字中有时会出现一些人们习惯使用的行草书字形,有些字就改变了常规的笔画顺序。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"如图","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(楷书6笔,行书3笔):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYCYuqeCYaI683GEkwio1e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":101,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔顺变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b163d5ef32144a4388b912e4dcc2c57e","width":578},"text":"","id":"doxcnYQsY0AQiQM60SIwbqdCQZe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8ekquqcSwW6gc1HfDZZy7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书的笔画较之楷书发生了一些变化,其结果也随着带来了变化。大体有以下几种情况:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYcayiScyO4ksEpwQUWCpCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、一个字有多种写法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0SE0GGqO0UeUiIHM8D5oDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如“是”字下半部分,“花”字的字头,写得有放有缩,同中有异,多样而统一,颇有趣味。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEIYGeI42OG8QGOOxMNGnTd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":204,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/37c1e6c1bcdb490580c87e506e958ee2","width":483},"text":"","id":"doxcnQyEiqUKeqUyo8LDxLzsHJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.打破楷书端庄方正的束缚,略带攲斜,自成新的体势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnekuEeAGmUas0eW6kEGNm5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如横画可以较大幅度上斜,笔画的走向也可以略偏离原来楷书的轨道。这就在不同程度上改变了楷书的体势,使整篇字中的个体和群体都变得自由活泼了,避免了楷书的呆板。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIqUEEeswYSKAARJKgVX2Ff"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":118,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b5d537a662744315aca01acc06fbc9a9","width":589},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6GK8OwqqoCqkpbuAXc8bg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书运笔技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn286meS28OAIS2SImTeo2kb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画运行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn66mcsMAg8ME2uClYQvkzCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行书的基本笔画,在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oiwWqqI0W6K0ceOnst56d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓起笔,就是开始书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔;行笔,就是书写笔画的中间运笔;收笔,就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画,左为起笔,中为行笔,右为收笔,等等。起笔有轻有重,行笔有快有慢,收笔有回有露。例如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngAEsqoQ4iqSyIt9czBdsYd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":117,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画运行","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/26620f385ccb48549b0d42af46ee8148","width":608},"text":"","id":"doxcnu0I8C6QSkQu6wC8uxXsIXY"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提笔、按笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOKMO0aw0YYycCmpOuXS0uc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行书的用笔也讲究提按,以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔,就是笔从纸面提起,笔尖触纸力度小,笔画要细;所谓按笔,就是笔尖在纸上往下按,笔尖触纸力度大,笔画要粗一些。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUQUQyqSI20yqa7sL7G9oS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提笔、按笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/771a46a498b94d1dbfce1dafd2b27352","width":635},"text":"","id":"doxcnekasEsoeoe4mu0Nonrjcle"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔、折笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwSKqK2EUKaIOcl4UC3Ewf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔,一般是向上取逆势,上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑。如“古”字的横,“人”、“有”的撇都是用翻笔写成的。折笔,一般是向下、向右取顺势,如“口”字的横折、“山”字的竖折,都是用这笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔,都要求用笔慢而有力。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyu6isAmOi4mGTUsHEOHMyl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":116,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔、折笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/376c3e54379a4f8da1fdcdac2c9ec6d1","width":604},"text":"","id":"doxcn8mko4OE4Isik4sE9kDYhOb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYUSKSkE6ecGYOyGakZ6Ece"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔主要取字的姿态,笔画的下笔处比较方折,显得刚劲有力。如“五、方”等字的长横,“永、广”等字的侧点,“志”字的中竖,“个”字的斜撇等,都是侧笔写成的。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnickAgMqO4cSeqQWjFp2fOb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":118,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/34052b9680c943679ca2b04e24444a41","width":615},"text":"","id":"doxcniOQqoe8GSea4KwF9bGE8oc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIkieauKK2cIEyGYClkTTTT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔,书写时故意放慢行笔速度,认为制造行笔阻力。目的在于强调线条的质感,多用于竖钩、竖弯钩等笔画。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmuAC2coEcoyaMtuxgMHeg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a19fb0a98520486a9af24133ca5290f8","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcngyyMMII2u0YoQH0KHwRW9d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"游笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncg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"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、悬针竖是指竖画下面尖尖的如针倒悬,如“半”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下、由重而轻写竖画。悬针竖要如针垂直端悬,不能东斜西倒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGEuSO0UIEKwERGIXzMqXd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9f97144af17c4cc3852ee12797785bea","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcnSAy0YIQgoW8QkZfG88gPdf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、垂露竖是指竖画下面不失如露水倒垂,如“申”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下写竖画,至末端再略顿一下,回锋收笔。垂露竖的两端用笔重而中间用笔轻,两端书写速度慢而中间书写速度快,竖中带挺呈曲势,如人挺立,显得精神饱满。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEMqY8OiweUaEwfryAYZwlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c7233748a264451aae64cb85136d77f9","width":115},"text":"","id":"doxcns6ooS2yy0UywOQZTPz5ypd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、曲勾竖是指竖画下端带曲勾,如“抑”字。写法是写好一竖后,末端收笔时顺势向左下迅速勾出。曲勾竖的竖中略带曲势,并非一味地端直。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWocOQWKQ6E8C23aBQquN0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/422582d36dca4f7fb6a6ec0c247ac8be","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcniCkCySYaogCMy8CgtzOdad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、仰勾竖是指竖画下端带仰勾,如“隆”字。写法是落笔写竖画,至末端再用力向右上勾出。。仰勾竖与曲勾竖的差别是前者仰勾向上、由左而右,后者曲勾向下、由右而左;前者是承上笔,后者是启下画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyaSKUuKC2KqK617H2GW7Pb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8f716018b4ea41b397b1aaf7e4f3680d","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnuse6KUEuUEUCcRJx1mLSfc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkuQgYUGGYCWmu1xqsHOvdb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、回锋撇是指撇画下端回锋向上,如“化”字。写法是落笔稍重,随着向左下写撇,至撇尾再回锋向上收笔。因为撇尾回锋收笔,并非出锋收笔。所以撇尾不失而圆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwSKsUSWqMCAAEpqutNwPhg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/922652bcb9514c53aae97dfb45a65c02","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnUq28SS4m06OaSONR4T0JOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、挑脚撇是指撇画下端挑脚向上,如“今”字。写法与回锋撇同,只是收笔时挑脚而出呈勾状。一般说,回锋撇往往是撇后写竖,笔势角度小,挑脚撇往往是撇后写捺,笔势角度大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIM4cMOeC4E0qoVwwpW0EBe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":57,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce86631cdd8147deb3cecc6e26230e05","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnWCqy8UgkWqyGCUQT3Bah3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、斜撇斜撇是楷书写法,撇端尖尖的,如“余”字。写法是落笔稍重,然后逐渐提笔向左下撇出,撇时要轻灵不要迟疑,而且力要送到撇尖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUkQgCIQmcASsrU1PSoWOg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b5851891c7ee4faba695bb080697181f","width":98},"text":"","id":"doxcnqWGEuY4uQUcABH3xLQVtIm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、平撇平撇在字头,短小而平,如“重”字。写法是落笔重,略顿,随后提笔迅速撇出。平撇的形态有点象鸟啄,短小尖锐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSAI4mCuscQM4AZkOe8sg7b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/399df9a1ed2b4cf5b69f693db394d742","width":102},"text":"","id":"doxcn4w2CiuQGqGIqSogyuvEIuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn20memQssyuI0stjz1MXDUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、斜捺是指捺画斜而长,如“秦”字。斜捺在汉字中往往与斜撇相配,如同人的左右手。写法是顺着撇势轻落笔,略横行,接着转笔向右下方写。捺时要稍用力,随即向右平捺出。斜捺的形态是一波三折,故又称“波画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8wcu6CoSyWUuC7luiH6Ef"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b41bf4bb4a04cb08ea51f452a2a3b19","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnY2cuQQ2MYwSSecUkPVdJtd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、回锋捺是指斜捺的捺脚收笔处不是出锋而是回锋,如“天”字。写法与斜捺同,只是最后回锋收笔,露出下尖勾,目的是为了书写下一字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00Uo80MmSWQ8Yziod0jWig"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a78f1707e64d4cc3ac5eef8944cd7182","width":106},"text":"","id":"doxcnkWSUUAcqKsAcMHBwADjOIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、反捺是从斜捺、回锋捺变化而来,如“木”字。写法是轻落笔,触纸后徐徐用力向右下行笔,然后用力向左下勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyoUMMs0KMq4IQTiqai28Xd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/adb55180b44f46478a9116adde068b3f","width":101},"text":"","id":"doxcnA48ssUU6AQCWmyJoiZstcb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、圆曲捺是指游水捺的三弯处圆曲如环。写法是先落笔写一点,接着顺势写一竖,再提笔向右拐弯,然后回锋或藏锋收笔。写回曲捺要注意两点,一是拐弯要圆曲不能生硬,二是捺尾要圆浑不能尖利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0i8ywawgaaaU53p6qQ18b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/605d4619a61e49c7961302bbc8590a49","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnEGQK8oGi28I62ym38KMdWq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、平捺在字的下面起托的作用,因比字头或字中的斜捺角度较小波画较平而名之,如“之”字。写法是回锋落笔,略横,随着向右下用笔,然后用力平平捺出。平捺与斜捺一样,形态是一波三折,有一种流动的势态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEaGgmIScg4yMoL8sJt1IKb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":56,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/55e6d026f8794a02be4e6b743ef10d41","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnOgO002K2Eg8G4Vh3Vfwh2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、挑勾捺是指平捺的捺脚上挑,如“超”字。写法是写好平捺后,捺脚不平出,而是顺势上挑成勾状,目的是为了便于写“走”字里面的部分。挑勾捺其实是在平捺快写后顺着笔势自然形成的一种写法,不可勉强为之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEOMgg68YwSouGkh1NHmCTf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmIM0wg6Y4aIyaSGfbCqCJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、短挑是挑画的一种,线条短小,如“地”字。短挑在行书中是承着其他点画书写而出,短小精锐,恰似一把短剑。写法是落笔后略顿,随即逐渐提笔用力挑出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEWGcM8GI8Q6qoF49kXcPld"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":51,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/332ae9b91f744f70bd10f05bbca1e078","width":100},"text":"","id":"doxcnW0uyq6IyKmmSy6PkudqHff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、撇折挑是指撇和挑连写,如“福”字。写法是先写一撇,然后折笔用力向右上迅速挑出,撇折挑要注意折处,书写时点画务必交待清楚,不能含含糊糊,拖泥带水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4g8sq2E6AkeOys9eLkHIke"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b406da1174de4ec897df80e8768c9280","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnuWCEyKWOuC6s8PV6hhl0pf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuOYcgSEq8EmS4QX8PE1UFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蟹爪勾是指竖勾屈曲似蟹爪,如“寺”字。写法是先写竖画,然后转笔向左行笔,再翻笔向上勾出。蟹爪勾是竖勾的变化写法,形态优美、线条雄健、气势酣畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqGwW8uucc4okquXfu1Iz6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/676dc82fd79347f5b5f0cdb428819f38","width":106},"text":"","id":"doxcnmcqwMCuSomAU2VO2H56Uje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、戈勾即戈字勾,如“戊”字。写法是侧锋落笔,然后纵笔而下,勾时用力翻笔向上勾出。戈画平中带弧有韧劲,刚中含柔见纵势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneIAEeiQsAisScv2zhC19Wd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7fc32e4ff05f40d79a11436de1d10958","width":109},"text":"","id":"doxcn2sWu6cSwoUQIagLJ0gXPHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、背抛勾是指从背面反抛勾出,如“夙”字。写法是顺势写上横画,拐弯时折笔而下,然后宛转提笔写下弯画,再翻笔向左上勾出。背抛勾转弯抹角处不能生硬有棱角,勾尖要向内,对着字心首画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneA6WGqWa08WcgtWYZlo7bc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/82397aca8fb244599de39104582f9462","width":111},"text":"","id":"doxcni48aw2ygGaueEXTgi0fPkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、浮鹅勾因形同白鹅浮绿水而名,如“毛”字。写法是落笔稍重,接着用笔向下写直画,随即提笔拐弯写横,最后翻笔向上勾出。浮鹅勾要鹅头高昂,鹅身平正,方正中呈圆势,态度雍容大方,气宇轩昂不几。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8KCauImwe6AiSEiYsnwzYg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7b617d7719b44824b5806f49962dcee8","width":113},"text":"","id":"doxcnIgc2WYK2uWQ26BXelFJ3Ad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、回锋勾如同回锋捺是斜捺的快写形式一样,回锋勾是浮鹅勾的快写形式,如“也”字。写法是顺势写竖横圆曲折,然后翻笔由上绕一小圈向下勾出。回锋勾与浮鹅勾的不同处除了勾的形式和方向不一样外,是回锋勾的竖横向内圆曲而浮鹅勾的竖横向外开拓。向内圆曲的比较宛转流利,向外开拓的比较雄健挺拔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQs8iweaQK8e4EdPKOJQHdl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4a57349ba2744aed87bf15a00625e300","width":110},"text":"","id":"doxcnyU04Y0i2acIuozMvyOzlSb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQQ8s20aSK8ESahD9M899g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、横勾折是指横画加折勾,如“罪”字。写法是落笔先写横画,折时稍用力向左下方勾出。横勾折不仅要横与勾的笔画分明,而且转折要自然有力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWio8e02SYoAeQbaBlG2Hte"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/128989d8259a40f4a691e2f9123a958e","width":112},"text":"","id":"doxcnwYkoSe6ayIw2cxjYtbxLrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、竖勾折是指竖画加折勾,如“问”字。写法是先写竖画,要心胸挺起,折时不妨笔略提起,再顿下去,然后迅速向左上勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQm4Eao4aqKKw0lLitNFtb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68995ecd52ce43f1b01b82e83b13507e","width":119},"text":"","id":"doxcnKa66M4A8EQke6P0RkyQjSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、曲折在行书中用得很多,凡是撇捺连续快写都成曲折,如“根”字。写法是落笔写撇画,接着向右折笔,再随即向下勾。曲折形似闪电,富于动态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqyOWY6g2UaA6MpQ8FUINvd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":60,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0ddab8e070554eafbe788d27eab1d049","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcnCsOWsqOcGG8eOsNEpVaYtd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、撇捺折是撇捺的连写,但书写较工整,如“衣”字。写法是落笔稍重,再逐渐提笔写撇,然后回锋向右下方写反捺,即成。撇捺折在撇捺的交接处要连写,要有折的风味。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWewKKSI4cCscYF1HaN4kGc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/79a94fe61ef64a4fa98d34a844cbb160","width":115},"text":"","id":"doxcnewcmg4qW6gEA0UaVVbOKre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、三弯折是指三弯折曲折成三弯,如“乃”字。写法是先落笔写横,再折笔写弯,接着顺势向下弯出。三弯折要折而有韧劲,弯曲自然舒展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6CKwao4cIOMERTrg1fhHq"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dc888fce47574bb3b23e27aa45348ecb","width":111},"text":"","id":"doxcnoeyy2S4qewywgDcvyMUwSQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、内勾折是由横撇折的外勾变为内勾,如“序”字。写法是写好横画后,接着翻笔写撇,撇要成内包势,随即趁势向右上勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Ss2qCgGmKIyIBRbOunaWc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9a9fff903cb242b6999cbc36061881e7","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnGq0mgYMSAuiAk1UtlcrkIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、鹅勾折是浮鹅勾的快速简便写法,如“光”字。写法是依势落笔写短斜竖,随即折笔向右上勾出。鹅勾折的折处要圆润遒丽,用笔要流畅明净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUcYuEAuYYAK2olswbP1IWg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a2d65e9e63944a29a8c1e22d6b6d446c","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcngKK2iS2mq28YKkCCgOrLEg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书偏旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne4EC2w0iSQggQBLryTtseh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书偏旁一定要根据与其所搭配的单体的长短、肥瘦,大小不同而有所变化,不能千篇一律。此外,部首一定要与其所搭配的单体互相呼应。呼应的方法,或者借助于楷书用意连,或者借助于草书用形连。形连时要注意既要靠牵丝,又要靠笔势,过多地使用牵丝,如果形连势不能连,整个字仍是盘散沙。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSOOim2IA4aQigZNH3bjZ3b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"食字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwy2cmiKaaiiEOEDyjUgBld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋落笔写撇,随即回锋写横勾折,接着顺势写竖仰勾。整个食字旁线条清楚匀称,是一笔写成。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnskckguQUkAiOaOq0mEPaZg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":170,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"食字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a8aca3a771fc4a139c03aa0e90418c82","width":683},"text":"","id":"doxcn8sooCSyYuEuWmiJHQUlQjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"衣字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8weuAWyMEwOuaz7nBePYf7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首点向左下带出一点以呼应下一笔,撇点用撇提代替,改变示字旁的书写顺序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOUi6ocKee4wEgxutajZ0ug"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":178,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"衣字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ba320b2860b4d5ea7f13cc526d07f4c","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcnm044EWWyysAgKOz7kzuh0d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"弓字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQoSaoCCQGSEouEqkI0Mt1V"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先落笔写横折,再翻笔写横折勾。弓字旁的弓须一气呵成,不能用两笔或三笔写成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYSu64sIuM8kEVA00RUYge"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":143,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"弓字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/08c6744a04614a75a307d434eb2c4521","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcnCI6m6QgMOu046KVUu1wVyf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"虫字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuIAKskk2k6eWMBytYHUIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"落笔写短斜竖,再顺势写横竖折,接着回锋写下横,然后翻笔向上写竖折挑,为了便于书写,行书虫字旁的一点往往省掉。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyk6kqwCUqqEW2RwzZ4n3ih"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":122,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"虫字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb9cebae85cf4f3daa0cfe4223b8ea03","width":616},"text":"","id":"doxcnKQwUa42qiGgQ4XMINBjERg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"马字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqe6eOKia20mI1EpDYjbEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"落笔写出折勾,再回笔写竖横折勾,最后顺势写下横。下横一般写成挑画,以便书写右面点画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaWIkyqaUog64IXUTVzmjpd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":152,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/16ffcec311ac4028b30e62c7250e5e0c","width":637},"text":"","id":"doxcni42mMSs2E2AOuIVn5LBdR1"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYgAMQAkmUM8yMnjyyPcyJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁主要是在右部。其第一横要稍长,抗肩,中间用小撇画,不要太长,撇画的起笔位置稍靠左,第二个撇画的弯度较大一些,但不要写的太长,最后撇画带出小钩,呼应最后一点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnggWey8I8Qy2gp6EKTxTgrr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ef06ff99d4f4cfb8f5d18c1c3c6cb88","width":499},"text":"","id":"doxcnGe2wGsEeCkE4WS28zkaZdg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0WCQaSSMQ6U40ePMyOCRZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先平撇要短,角度稍平,竖写短,横可稍长,但口字要写小。所以偏旁整体要小。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw0QMekIIqY4MuoKDXqpNHg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":128,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"舌字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/376a27e1eeb04fc48a3e0169b1c32a15","width":629},"text":"","id":"doxcnukqYqKcCWCqISWTs6rNoEd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwiy4wqSwuEEAg1BTDW8gvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁也是写小,且整体稍向右上斜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQ6QCW62Acq0Ys0PILBIbS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":136,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/24ec8a9db1b44db2816be55337f4d46b","width":614},"text":"","id":"doxcnU4AEwyO6UmKWnsuY5eX5Io"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书章法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0k2USuqGSugoCmR2YmrWAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书是介于楷书和草书之间的书体,是日常生活书写中最常用最流行的书体。尤以钢笔行书为最。行书笔画、结构有一定的伸缩性,形态又多变化,丰富奇彩、意到笔随,可塑性大,利于发挥艺术效果,实用价值更是超过其它书体。一副得意之作,通篇结构,引领管带,首尾呼应,一气呵成,各尽意志,气适流动,起伏随势,巧布虚陈,寄情寓意,无不淋漓尽致,酣畅爽快,令人赏心悦目。这些都说明章法在行书创作中显得尤为重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYWYK8W6Ky0U4I7p3ZGyLpe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"章法特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnscaOkQmK2ym2uuacwmDWBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书由于笔画、结构变化较大,形体各异,加之书写风格不同,因而即使同一字也会出现多种形态,有肥瘦、长短、方圆、雄浑、挺拨、俊秀等差别。正是这些差别,使行书作品千姿百态,异彩纷呈,构成了不同的气韵的章法。因此,行书的谋篇布局较楷书要灵活得多,具有如下特点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAOUUCUEQ82MNIa8dy6Jqr"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔势多取纵势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnem6uwmIUgkUOCiIIHAVoEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书笔画活泼流动,笔画之间有牵纵行带,前字的末笔与后字的首笔连带密切,如取纵势,更显得如行云流水,气韵贯通,给人以一气呵成之势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncqai8YcC4qkEcJZZYp0wbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"疏密变化自如","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEe4IuQwQKco6ioVhPww3Yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书除笔画、结构有疏密变化外,在整体布局中通过改变字形的大小、长短、字态的肥瘦、俯仰,能自由地调整疏密位置与布白,达到疏密得当,布白奇妙的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngI8I8iWY4ggEETpYW4TWKg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"参差错落有致","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyY6McsoGiCAI49eIbJf1Yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书不仅仅笔画、结体各部分及字与字之间有参差变化外,而且行与行之间及通篇亦有错落变化,这样,整体布局显得活泼灵动,妙趣横生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkQa262qAS4Y44kebdWNjlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行气直抒胸臆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWEUW0aSwKqwioL7kGZZbih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书书写速度较快,行笔之时情法于中、笔情交融,最能直接表达书者的情感,增加作品的感染力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAyKM0AU8QauAC89X8PETgg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"谋篇技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8g2yw6YQisMUewcHsiCBnc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以动为主","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQGCG264aiCOa62eig4dIyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的章法以静为主要特征,给人以平和稳定、一丝不苟、不激不厉和端正严肃的感觉;行书章法则以动为主要特征,给人以生动飘逸和富有生命活力的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnusII6oWAIeaeGO2l13qZgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前人出书法要“师造化”,凡在现实生活中能见到的动作姿态,都可借鉴到行、草书中去,以增强行书作品的动感,丰富其内涵和底蕴。多欣赏和临写古今行书大家作品,也是培养书写动感的有效途径。我们不能用楷书的结体和章法来写行书,这样会使作品显得沉快无生气。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSaqOeS0KomkCcB90z1cpjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然行书强调动感,但并不是随意为之、不要法度,它仍要遵循一定的规律,以严谨求灵变,避免过于放纵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn04CaAAAGGqYCkB74bKmj5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以不齐求齐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYaAUqMyEqaoGolGrLFSLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书要求字的上下左右间隔匀称,排列整齐,以工整规范为美。行书则要求字形有大小,间隔有疏密排列,有错落变化,以局部的不整齐求得整体的平衡、稳定和齐整,以变化为美。一幅好的行书作品,初看起来一行一行排列得很整齐,行与行之间的距离也相等,一气呵成,浑然一体,气韵生动,但细看起来,我们不难发现,字与字并不对齐,有的偏左,有的偏右,左右动荡不写,行与行之间的距离也不相等,有的紧,有的松,没有定则,即所谓的“行书无写法”,需要我们多实践、多体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng0m6K4mIWIQuSTyRdR0iNC"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"具有节奏变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0mGoqc8CKiKuisjCYuI1rf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一幅好的行书作品,就象一首抒情的歌曲,时而婉转平和,时而高亢豪迈,时而如行云流水,时而如电闪雷鸣,几经曲折,波澜起伏。这些都是书者书写时情感的自然渲泄,这种渲泻是有节奏的,体现了行书作品的节奏美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk6oS4648y26OANLehr5Ayh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"前后呼应","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwCUi2miWAaOs9cTQCQNIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书作品最注重首字,应静心写好文稿第一字,以统领全篇。要使行书的章法显得严谨而又富于变化,一定要注意前后呼应关系,要意在笔先,事先考虑好前后字的衔接问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngiUEOuykEcou6ls65je4Ec"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIiu0qG4ISKEWEV29p0Lhe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4wuicC8u4woolgT0iFfKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看,还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥,有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养,只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkMSswUI2WKAol2w4DioiKY"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":269,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68e50955c9bf49c79a2d33fa599f8967","width":249},"text":"","id":"doxcnqm2uCmw0owUUY5OWH2KzUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、头部端正:头要居中,稍向前下方俯视,眼睛与纸面一尺距离,不可俯得太低,也不可左偏、右斜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAMQGGsCsMWSUpcK0JxSKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、身直肩平:臀部平坐于椅子中间大部,不能扭向一边,两肩平齐,上身不弯曲,使上身重心安稳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUiYWyqyCYMED5LIMvyBoq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、臂开胸舒:两臂自然开张,两肘平放桌面,保持一线,腹背挺直,胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离,使呼吸顺畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0McKYqQOOsQU8lGajEQpze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、腿开足安:两腿分开,与肩同宽,自然下垂,内侧保持平行,两脚平放地上,使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势,才能使字写得端正,重心平衡。同时,正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAwCCaoS8cUaUK4bwzdP1wb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn484YCWuqYCgQKKJJq1SqBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔方法不正确,不但妨碍书写姿势,影响书写质量,还会给书写者身心健康带来危害,不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点,硬笔是三指执笔法,斜拿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmkciww0WuyUa4iC5JCK6Ic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的执笔方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8A4cGIEUOYy0GW13CkCCOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆(三指处于同一平面);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIywGmOiyoCcMgN2M7T7Nog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm(两指左右);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc2QIceAcSgKAWGKahaJm8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③所有指关节都向外弯;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuScKqwMEoSUcys1lP97bCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④笔杆位于食指的根部(如下图)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyke2coyo0M6eXj1qhSuNs"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ce7201cb08b47529021161e4b3de06b","width":382},"text":"","id":"doxcne0eiCmM0cG4U6p3INPuCMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时,还要做到:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnamykg6AwCq2Ac9h72enUCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①指实:拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量,处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上,将笔杆夹牢,松紧适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnweCWAUYiyGeg2TkOOdNbBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②掌虚:无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢,并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座,虚贴桌面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA02SkuSikAEiSOc82XnAC8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③杆斜:笔杆向右后方倾斜,紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向,与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字,手指向前伸直,笔杆与纸面角度减小;书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩,笔杆与纸面角度大,宜于精離细琢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0EAes80guA0Gg9lxRjo0hb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOk6mywusO2IOkN3g9fTK2c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIOwM62Iy8uGU0alFfMMjUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSaW8SwyIoEouaOmyhAUNVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。适合练字的钢笔,日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776,百乐78G,写乐21K等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUmI4aIokKw6cbKMEuVWDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn06GiYsWC4mq00ovgwEGzRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO2UQEqWkuQuQCIEGKZsrbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ42AKQqyYg6I8hGOKSkeOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni404gSg2e6WyMPg2b2F9Bb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":266,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/efce42fa90fe484395d9143de95dc1bf","width":400},"text":"","id":"doxcn4uY6IYu2ICIw3EuOMlrjFG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwuQmOGuS042gvVP3Id6ah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4OGuOsYGGC6iqaredoyuJY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐适合练字的中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoOmKaemOqcccEVs5KJ77Gg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、国产中性笔宝克PC-1168,这款笔无论从握持手感、出水流畅度、品控还是书写感受方面,都属于第一梯队的,一点也不比那些昂贵的进口中性笔差。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqEukCgewS60EcX2tvmYDVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、百乐P700和P500,其实就是0.7和0.5,笔感超级顺滑,而且出水不多不少,非常好写,这么出名是有原因的。可能看不出来,但0.5确实比0.7的更细。练字推荐用0.7,0.5的可以日常用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUek84A6OCEgOCw5UNMUhJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkkICQqo6Cm88u7WuiDWz7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)书写流度,笔触顺骨,笔画饱满,墨色均匀;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKe4siIGgSEsaaELXNWpi1H"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)握笔舒适度,长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwqUMSieS8gsAqyBuq40XIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)墨干燥速度,书写时不会被谱黑就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyCssSI00Wq2cFm5hjXT7b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9f858d495e934607b39050eb30d2ed77","width":300},"text":"","id":"doxcnY8SCicMsOOis8J3zWX7Htb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSQ2s0gw8CIyYquSaWHLhKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了钢笔和中性笔,其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多,最为常见的有铅笔,圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEe2muKE6CeU2kfO5ezrUxe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":220,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1b423b0b4e1e43c6913f2e1b4ab63a7a","width":220},"text":"","id":"doxcn084Uwumk8C8U068kJ9qbIg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoGqquMwA8CQYG2DKdolh3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习纸种类繁多,常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等,练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础,初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等,随着阶段的变化,练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助,达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序,不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS60ocSugMSWegNnbUyHQ2b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点:从脱离米字格到白纸,练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习,不属于完全转换状态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnosQSwUYCgq66QJHLq094Ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另外,有以下几个点可以注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSugi6IWWKMKSWd3Ibp7GtZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题,建议换纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOOW42wEyY6EKcEt3OKSBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不要使用线格过小的纸,选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQoU4AWmY4YmWMBLwAw1rf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)不要刻意追求“好”纸,硬笔行书的练习对纸的要求较低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UIMuwA4KiKQk95m4tnAMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1185,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1370f12a9b3b4d938074b49cdfa4ca62","width":790},"text":"","id":"doxcnqkWu80g8O6mAQr6qkPMw7f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUASa6Y2KiSaSSutOmuSNyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果基础比较差,或者追求没那么高,可以从现代字帖练,比较容易上手。如果想追求书法或者有一定基础,那么就要多临摹古帖了。硬笔临摹古帖,初学以赵孟頫行楷《妙严寺》、《胆巴碑》过度,再以《赤壁赋》、《吴兴赋》入手,然后可以临文征明等二王一路的帖。或者直接以李邕《法华寺》入手。以上字帖,要下大功夫临摹,专注一本,长期熏修,悟到行书精髓,然后可以遍临诸家。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnucQUMwau2sCUwfnACIbDgg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMiQqCcEE8OuoqYdd2ZXLWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、田英章的字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0yGccyK8U4Q8gPBSuvP2yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"田英章的硬笔字,刚中带柔,舒展洒脱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneAcyecEwwsa4FbIfMmqEyr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以下是田英章老师的一些作品:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAqcEGE4mma06sMSHXIP0nb"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":475,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐字帖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57790c3f579340c6a3d920e542c5e081","width":439},"text":"","id":"doxcn84aA4kmYeGssOkRDzIifpe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":523,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐字帖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/665960b664004091947413f309229f9b","width":363},"text":"","id":"doxcnsOcsieq6aiK82VKH4M2P2f"}],"text":"","id":"doxcngsyKg4mwsuiUu0xj1d3RXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、李放鸣字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngsyKg4mwsuiUu0xj1d3RXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"李放鸣字的风格与田英章老师较为相近。其书法字帖因选材独特、版式新颖、印刷精美,被许多学校作为指定书法教材,在全国首届硬笔书法系列评比中获书家组“十佳字帖”奖,","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneacYskAWwAsmUXP2ENjdhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以下是李放鸣老师的一些作品:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUMwS40qQc8kgUjRNRb08Fd"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":510,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐字帖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/076399aa06bd441c8d96060b3a5cc8c6","width":356},"text":"","id":"doxcnCia2usY2Cg4qAlPMs7VljU"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":430,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐字帖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d3cafb01a8ad4dcf99af2fb29b35c803","width":521},"text":"","id":"doxcnMOAocWOqOMKW2dihMx5xMc"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsiGWUyekYW2AkdYQvl4iic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、司马彦行书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsiGWUyekYW2AkdYQvl4iic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"司马彦的行书相当棒特别适合初学者临习,临他的字帖其优点是不容易走偏而且有利于将来的发展是国内目前少有的即有名气又有实力的书法家,他的行书字帖是国内许多院校硬笔行书的必修课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne82wyikkM6yoQTMT0J7cRf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐字帖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/31d1eddee0c14259a78f64d44dd40234","width":388},"text":"","id":"doxcnwQAM8yuu6EI8OGQGVz4TSc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写注意的问题","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneACOeq0e6qUQuKLKnhE4If"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔行书的幅式有中堂条幅、条屏、对联、横幅、长卷、扇面等幅式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEmOcoAicOWaomomHXoY14e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔行书函文的书写形式,也有竖写和横写两种方式。常用的排列方式,与楷书大体接近。一般用单线稿纸或无格纸书写较多,方格纸用得较少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC2gwqOuYS8ysEDNep9PiJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔行书的落款,款文要用本体或行草书写,款文字形要小于正文,钤印的印章宁少勿多,1-2方足矣。印章的大小,应等于或略大于款文,但不得大于正文。钤印位置要与正文相呼应,起到活跃布局、平衡作品的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKU0A6ys0sK28ibu7GJzlib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(一)要以楷书为基础,在结构和用笔两方面练好扎实的基本功。行书的用笔和结构虽然较楷书有所变化,但还没有达到草书“解散楷体”的程度。因此,学习行书必须要具备一定的楷书基础。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsIwyOWS6oSuiWaB3wrfzng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(二)要重视临摹。行书虽然承袭楷书,但笔画、部首和结体都发生了一些规律性的变化。这些规律性的变化、写法,就要通过临摹去掌握,而不能随心所欲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQ4wQwkYomAcGiwp3anBtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(三)不宜过分强调和滥用行书的用笔特点。前面讲了行书诸多特点,在书写中适当运用能给字增色,但如果过分追求和滥用某一方面的特点,就会走向反面。如,笔笔相连,就会造成圈眼密布而形同蛛网。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn80K8KKs2meo2ikpSz93xpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(四)学习行书宜从部首开始。行书在长期使用过程中形成了一些约定俗成的写法,熟悉和掌握这些部首的写法,就能了解行书的造形规律,收到举一反三之效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUcKcQgYEieUiE5yGslaKf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":614,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书写注意的问题","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f87da4b8482e41228ccdfe6e92fcdc64","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnKCoUKUikmkMIwEKlo0aKYK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坚持练字","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnocwmwKgqkqYq4G69LKJECb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当我们学习一项新技能,坚持这件事无疑是学习过程中最重要的事,也是最难做到的事,练字也是这样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYIOAcgwMewkcqqmYlNpqEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"想要坚持就得有大的决心,然后培养出习惯,并且能体会到练字给自己带来的乐趣。在坚持的过程中,能够得到来自别人和自己的肯定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEsUqYQi8Wg8ciXxCWIY1hb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以,不妨列一个计划,树立一个可以达到的目标。前期的目标不能追求质的改变,需要做量的积累。例如,我要临写琴赋,我每周要认真的练10个字。我第一天可以通临一遍,我第三十天的时候再通临一遍。可以做一次比较。如果认真练,一个月,成果还是能激励到自己的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSo6Y20gMyKiEfvjAeoXhiI"},{"type":"paragraph","c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5. UV754N
中国的人均学历已经明显提高,现在大学生很普遍,初中学历相对来说就落后于大部分人, 无论去应聘工作,还是租房买房,高等学历总是有更实惠的政策和更优厚的待遇,那么今天就来介绍下初中文凭提升学历的方法。
提升学历方法
初中文凭提升学历一般分为两种方式,年龄在18岁以下可以直接就读五年专,直接提升学历到大专,年龄在18岁以上就要参加成人教育的形式提升学历。
成人教育
获取中专学历证书的方法有:成人中专,自考中专。中专之后再提升的途径有国家统考和自学考试两种方式。
获取中专学历
中专文凭的获取方法有:成人中专,自考中专。
成人中专
初中生可考两年制或三年制专业。两年制学生需满18周岁两个月,三年制学生需满15周岁两个月;高中生可以修一年的专业,需要满18周岁两个月。
这里推荐电大中专,学校全称中央广播电视中等专业学校。这个学校是针对初中毕业的人群开设,报考年龄没有上限,并且课程采用网络教学模式,可以在家里面学习、考试,考试合格后方可领证。
学校报名比较简单,不需要参加入学考试,一般是在相关培训机构直接报名就可以了,报名成功后直接交学费就能入学,入学后再根据课程内容学习。
报名方式:
登录中央广播电视中等专业学校官网:http://zzx.ouchn.edu.cn/
1、提交信息报名注册。
2、交学费。
3、查询学籍,一般一个星期后可以查询到自己的学籍。
4、确定获得学籍后可以开始学习课程,然后参加考试。
5、配合老师学习、完成作业,即可申请毕业,毕业证书如下。
自考中专
条件
1、中华人民共和国公民,不受性别,年龄、民族、种族和已受教育程度的限制,均可按省教育考试院规定的时间和地点报名参加高等和教育自学考试。
2、报考自考本科段的考生,报考与所学专业不同的本科,根据专业的不同需要加试相应的课程。
3、已公布停考的专业,仅限在籍考生按有关文件规定报考。
4、对有特殊要求的专业,考生须按有关规定报考。考生办理本科毕业证时,必须上交国家承认的专科及以上学历证书原件,否则,不予办理本科毕业证书。专科在读的考生也可以报考本科,只是领本科毕业证的时候必须要有专科毕业证。
流程
1、登录各地自考网上报名网站http://zk.hebeea.edu.cn/HebzkWeb/index(新生需注册并填写相关资料,老生根据自己之前的账号进行登陆)。
2、到自考办网站规定的指定银行办理一张缴费用银行卡。
3、办理银行卡后的新生,和有银行卡的老考生按照报名网站规定的报名流程完成网上报名。
4、网上报名成功后的新生需要在规定时间到自考办指定的地点进行摄像制作准考证。
自考中专直接关注自己当地教育招生考试院官网,一般会有初中后高职招生版块,关注招生计划,然后申请报名就可以的,一般来说中专学历的自考生正常要3年及以上。
备考
1、自考学习教材
每年各个省份的教育考试院官网都会公布当年的自考教材,教材是复习备考的基础,考生在购买自考教材前,可以上官网核对一下包括编辑、出版社、出版年份等在内的相关版本信息,这样就不会买错教材。这边推荐自考生网商城,自考生网商城会在第一时间内容,根据官网公布的教材信息进行及时的更新,所以考生可以关注“自考生网商城”,各个省份自考教材都比较齐全。
2、自考辅导资料
在学习完基础知识后,考生可以借助辅导资料进行知识点巩固,在找自考辅导资料之前,请一定在省份官网找寻考试大纲,根据大纲来看复习资料是否相符合。当然,考生也可以根据自考教材来看,整理的复习资料里面是不是和教材内容相符合,符合再进行购买,否则旧的辅导资料还可能产生误导。
3、自考真题
自考真题是网上可以搜索到的,考生可以直接头条搜索名称加代码,就可以搜索到相关课程的真题了,找寻历年真题的主要目的应该也是为了刷题训练,有的考生就是不看书不背资料,纯靠刷题记忆,这样的好处是记忆快,但是同样缺点也是不少,在做完题后,考生一定要学会总结,关注自己没有掌握的部分,进行针对性学习。
提前备考
自考中专一定要先了解清楚近几年的招考计划,以及自己想考的专业,提前确定好后,就第一时间进行备考。一般报名时间开放之前我们就要买教材、看书、刷真题、背知识点了。试想一下不止一门学科,如果报名后才开始备考时间非常紧张了,所以提前备考才是上上策,能使通过的几率更大。
技巧
首先要有清晰的学习规划,例如每天详细的作息时间、学习计划;每周每月的计划,并真正的坚持打卡按此去执行。另外为了提高自己的自控力建议可以在完成一周或者一月计划后给予自己一定的小奖励,可以促使自己更加积极备考,因为备考是长期的事情,还是要有一直坚持的心态。
第一阶段肯定要打好基础,先认真看各个科目的书中知识点,并对重点进行背诵梳理好知识框架;第二阶段可以做题查缺补漏,对不扎实的知识点进一步重点学习加深,并整理好错题集;第三阶段可以进行集中的知识框架复习配合套卷的模拟练习,即进行考前的冲刺。
获取高等教育学历
报名中专学校,学习一年的时间,考试合格后就可以获得中专毕业证,如果要继续提升学历一般有两种方式,一种是自学考试,一种是参加国家统一招生考试,下面就详细介绍下这两种考试方式。
国家统一考试
成人高考就是成人高等学校招生全国统一考试的简称,是我国成人高等学校选拔合格的毕业生以进入更高层次学历教育的入学考试,属于国民教育系列教育,已经列入国家招生计划。
考生需参加教育部组织的全国统一考试,由各省市自治区、直辖市统一组织录取。设立之初,是为解决在岗人员的学历教育和继续教育问题,参加者多为成年人,是国家高等教育重要组成部分。
基本介绍
成人高考同普通高考一样,是选拔人才的国家考试,只是由于本身的学习特征需要,才在学习形式等环节上有所差别,进行了一定区分。
成人高考分为初起专、高起专、高起本、专升本,选拔要求因层次、地域、学科、专业的不同而有所区别。
学习形式存在全脱产(全日制)、半脱产(业余)和函授(利用空闲时间学习)三种形式。
学生年满18岁可以参加成人高考,成人高考难度比较简单。考试内容为语数英,有专门的考前辅导教材。
中专生参加的成人高考形式有高起专和高起本,但高起专的方式比较常见,下面来介绍下高起专的一些情况(以河南为例)。
一、报名条件
1、年满17岁,有高中或中专毕业证书遵守中华人民共和国宪法和法律。
2、国家承认学历的各类高、中等学校在校生以外的在职、从业人员和社会其他人员。
3、身体健康,生活能自理,不影响所报专业学习。
高起专报名需准备以下材料:
1、身份证明,年满17周岁及以上者,携带有效居民身份证原件及复印件。
2、户籍证明。外省户籍的考生需要提供当地的居住证、工作单位证明、社保证明等材料。
3、身体健康,生活能自理,不影响所报专业学习。
4、报考高起本或高起专的考生应高级中等教育学校毕业或者具有同等学力。报考专升本的考生必须是已取得经教育部审定核准的国民教育系列高等学校、高等教育自学考试机构颁发的专科毕业证书、本科结业证书或以上证书的人员。
5、报考成人高校医学门类专业应当是从事卫生、医药行业工作的在职专业技术人员。并具有县级或县级以上卫生健康行政部门颁发的相应资格证书。
6、照顾加分证明。在成人高考中是有50、30、20、10分这四类分值加分,符合照顾加分条件的考生需要在现场确认时携带相关证明材料原件及复印件。
下面介绍下可以加分的条件:
1、年满25周岁以上的考生,录取时可照顾20分。
2、老区贫困乡考生(户口、工资关系均在贫困乡所属单位)农业户籍考生,可照顾20分。
3、烈士子女、烈士配偶;归侨子女、台湾省籍考生;省政府明确划定的少数民族聚居地区的少数民族乡、村少数民族考生,录取时可照顾20分。
4、自谋职业的城镇退役士兵(凭省级民政部门颁发的《自谋职业证》)录取时可照顾10分。
5、运动健将和武术项目武英级运动员称号获得者,可加50分投档,一级运动员可加30分。
需要注意的是符合照顾政策的云南成人高考考生,须于报名时交验原始证件,符合两项以上照顾政策的考生,照顾分数不累计。
二、报名流程
成人高考网上报考时间会在8月中旬至9月上旬进行,具体流程如下:
1、8月中下旬的时候,报考生进入自己所在省成人高考报名系统进行网上预报名,报名的网站是当地的教育院,填写自己的要报考的学校和专业,记住预报名号。
以河南省为例,在头条上搜索河南省教育院,找到官网点击报名。
2、网上预报名成功的考生凭预报名号到报名点进行确认,考生需要携带身份证、毕业证书原件及复印件,如果有需要相关加分的考生需要提前准备好证明材料,等到现场报名时由报名中心老师进行审核。
3、9月中旬的时候需要去考试点确认考试信息还有录指纹。
4、9月底就给下发准考证了,可以去当地的教育考试院,登录自己的账号,去下载自己的准考证,然后打印出来就可以了。
5、10月底参加成人高考的考试,具体的时间每年都会有稍微的变动,但基本上都是最后一周的周六日,具体的考试时间呢,大家可以参考自己的准考证。
6、考试完之后,就是等待公布成绩了,一般会在11月中下旬的时候公布成绩。
7、12月中下旬的时候网上就会公布学校的录取分数线和录取结果了。
8、12月底或者明年的1月份我们就能领到录取通知书了。
9、等到明年的3月份,就能在学信网上查到自己的学籍的了,显示的是在籍状态。
三、注意事项
参加成人高考的考生报名时要填写“是否服从调剂录取到相同专业相同学习形式的其他院校”选项。如果考生所填报的两个志愿按顺序都无法出档,考生只要填报了服从调剂,就有机会调剂到与考生所报专业和学习形式相同的其他院校,此时不再征求考生意见;而没有填报服从调剂志愿的考生,则不能被调剂录取。
在招生录取过程中,个别高校的个别专业可能会因生源稀少而不开班,这时将根据考生的其他志愿继续安排出档。对于因高校不开班而不能出档、又没有填报服从调剂的考生,将不再安排调剂录取。因此建议考生慎重对待是否服从调剂的选项。
备考内容
一、考试科目
高起专考试科目只有语文、数学和外语三门,是比较简单的。
三门总分450分,一般录取分数线在140分左右,每科考50分即可合格,院校都是按高分到低分录取,所以同学们尽量考高分。
考试三门试卷,单科150分,考试时间是120分钟,考试方式采用闭卷考试,纸笔作答。
语文试卷结构:
数学试卷结构:
英语试卷结构:
二、学习资料
可以购买全国成人统考专用教材,然后再配合历年真题训练学习。
学习的时候还可以多看一些网络课程。
网课推荐:
数学:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1iJ411c7jf/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
语文:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12J411c7rj/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
英语:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mJ411c77y/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
自学考试
高等教育自学考试,简称自学考试、自考,它有大自考(社会型考生)和小自考(应用型考生)两种类别。1981年经国务院批准创立,是对自学者进行的以学历考试为主的高等教育国家考试,考生主要有两种学习方式,一是在高等院校举办的助学点学习或进入本校进行全日制学习(学生采用这种学习方式称为应用型考生),二是在社会举办的助学单位学习或自学(用这种学习方式的学生称为社会型考生)。
高等教育自学考试中社会型考生占75%,应用型考生占25%。含金量高,但是难度大,毕业率很低。需要的同学可以了解。
自考没有入学考试,只需要参加相应的课程考试,所有课程考试合格后,符合毕业条件即可申请大专毕业证书(下方是大自考和小自考通用的相关流程)。
1、报考条件
遵守中华人民共和国宪法和法律,国家承认学历的各类高、中等学校在校生以外的在职、从业人员和社会其他人员,身体健康,生活能自理,不影响所报专业学习。自考因为不受性别、年龄、民族、种族、学历、身体健康状况、居住地等限制,中专学历也可报考自考大专的(可不考虑户口在异地报名)。
2、报考需要的资料
考生需填写报名表;
携带身份证及扫描件或省证复印件的正反面;
一张2寸免冠蓝色底片照片(电子版或本人收藏)。注:照片中的考生不能戴眼镜;
扫描或复印考生的最高学历证书。
3、报名时间
每年成人高考考试时间为每年10月份,一般8、9月份即可网上报
4、自考流程
1、去自考考试办公室咨询,了解基本政策、选定所学专业。
2、在自考办网站上报名;选择专业、任意选定首次考试的课程,然后缴费(以河北为例:http://zk.hebeea.edu.cn/HebzkWeb/index)。
3、去自考办指定的地方办理现场报名确认手续,采集照片,办理准考证。
河北为例:河北自学考试准考证打印(领取)时间一般考前一周左右开始(部分地区需去指定点领取)。例如:2022年10月河北自考是10月23-25日举行,那么准考证一般就是从10月15日开始打印。(具体以考试院通知为准)。考生可登陆河北自考网(即报名网站),进入准考证打印入口。输入准考证号及密码,进入考生个人空间。按照提示打印即可。
4、在规定的时间内领取准考证。
5、在指定的日子领取、查询个人考场、考点信息资料。
6、在规定的日子、时间,带上指定的证件参加考试。
7、成绩查询:自考成绩查询在考后一个月左右,主要以省为单位查询考试成绩。例如:4月份参加自考,那么6月份左右就可登陆河北省教育考试院查询成绩;同理,10份参加自考,那么12月初开始就可以查询河北自考成绩,具体查询时间请根据官网公布为主。
8、自考毕业办理申请(河北为例):河北自考一年有两次申请毕业机会。大约在上半年7月上旬;下半年12月上旬,具体时间每年不同,参考当年的官方文件为准,只要满足院校要求的自考毕业条件,即可申请自考毕业,在线办理相关事项。
5、备考内容
备考内容一般是根据考生所选的专业决的定,不同的专业所学的知识不同,所对应的科目自考也不同,大致分为公共基础课、专业课、选修课,具体以报考专业的课程设置为准。
公共课一般是:思想道德修养与法律基础、毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论、高等数学(一)、英语(一)、大学语文等。
专业课的每一个专业的科目设置,会根据专业知识、技能的不同培养要求而不同,这个主要是看报考学校的要求。
自考专科的学习方式主要有三种:全日制、业余制和完全自学。
全日制指的是考生自费入学,老师教授学习。就读时间本科可以是3年,也可以是4年。一般是4年,和统招一样。3年的时间和课程有压缩,专科就是3年了。
业余制是利用周末或者晚上去辅导班上课,由老师辅导,有问题可以提出,让考生学得更扎实。
完全自学是自己买书在家学习,有问题通过书本或其它途径解决,这种学习难度较大,很多自考生选择完全自学。
自学考试的内容一般就是教辅《自考通》或《一考通》上的重点提示或原题,平时要注意多做辅导题。当然,近几年自学考试的试卷习题也需要引起考生的重视。
所以我们备考的重点就在于做题,把《自考通》、《一考通》、《历年考试真题试卷》全部做熟练,就比较容易通过考试。
充分备考不仅可以增加我们考试的成功率,也能提高自身信心。
6、自考资料
自考的资料一般是在确定报考学校和专业后购买,可以购买专业教材,也可以在网上找一些视频课程学习。
思想道德修养与法律基础https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1oL4y1Y7bY/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1By4y187uv/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
高等数学(一)https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1eb4y1e7zk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
英语(一)https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV11U4y1N7mm/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
大学语文https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV17A411P743/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
7、考试形式
不同的成人自考考试方式不一样,但总体分为校考和国家考试,校考比较简单,国家组织的考试比较难,由省统一命题,统一监考,统一改卷的考试形式叫做统考。
校考:
自考大专校考是指考生参加高等院校独立出题,独立批卷的自考大专考试。自考主要分为大自考和小自考两种形式,自考校考其实就是小自考,由各招生院校自主命题,自主改卷,也称为校考。而大自考就是采用统考的方式,
统考:
高职单招的考试科目分为公共文化课和专业课两部分。公共文化课的考试科目为语文、数学、外语三科,全市统一命题,统一考试,统一评卷,考试内容针对中职学生,考试时间与普通高考同步。专业课考试由招生学校根据不同专业需要设置并自行组织。
8、证书领取
一般每次考试后1个月就会出成绩,全部及格后就可以在当地教育局领取证书。
9、查询证书
考试可以在中国高等教育学校信学信网点击学历查询,北京教育考试网站点击自考证书查询自己的自考毕业证信息档期的毕业证书信息,一般在申办后的次年一月中旬可查。
五年制大专
五年制一贯制学生在校期间只需要读四年,第五年就是安排顶岗实习,之后进行就业,五年制大专是全日制在校学习,毕业颁发国家统招大专学历,之后可以参加专升本,可以报考研究生,可以报考公务员等和普通高中参加高考考上的大专生享受相等的待遇。应届毕业生也可以报考这个的。
报名条件
报考五年制高职的考生应为应届毕业生,参加当年中考,由各设区市级招生机构根据中考成绩划线录取,原则上不低于当地普通高中录取最低控制分数线下60分,艺术、体育等特殊专业领域的录取最低控制分数线经省教育厅审批后,可适当降低。
报名流程
需要参加中考,报名,达到分数线然后统一录取。
有些五年制大专直接报名就可以了,学院有招生计划。这种情况一般8月中旬直接去学校报名。一般带户口本、中考成绩单和学费书费住宿费等就可以了。
可以看下招生信息网查找自己喜欢的学校的录取分数线https://m.gdlsgz.com/xuexiaoxinxi/wunianzhidazhuan/
考试科目
五年制专转本考试科目是:一门英语加两门专业课,每门100分。其中专业课是各本科院校组织的考试,英语是江苏统考。
备考复习
教材
每个科目都有对应的参考教材和大纲,考试的出题思路都是从这里出的,所以教材是必不可少的。同学们可以根据作者、版本、出版等这些信息去网上搜索或是一些旧书店搜集。
英语复习建议
基础阶段,这一阶段不用做很多难题和训练,只需要跟着老师讲解或是自己复习的节奏来,一步一步吃透每个知识点,把基础打好。通常,我们可以从词汇和语法两方面来进行学习。但是请注意,此处背单词不是说学英语只背单词就行。
(一)词汇
专升本英语考察的单词量约为3800左右,主要考查基础单词、短语以及固定搭配的识记积累,不会考查偏词难词。虽然考情有发生变化,但对词汇与语法的考查也会融入在阅读理解、完形填空、翻译、改错、写作等题型中,所以积累词汇至关重要。词汇要遵循“入门-基础-进阶”词汇的梯度进行背诵。同时,每天辅以定量的词汇练习题,通过语境进一步巩固词汇。
(二)语法
语法考查范围较广,但考查的语法点较为稳定,包含基础词法和句法知识。如介词、代词、比较级、动词的时态语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、三大从句、虚拟语气、倒装结构、主谓一致、强调结构、反意疑问句等。在基础阶段可以系统梳理语法知识,理解语法重难点。每天可学习2-3个语法点,理解记忆语法要点,并通过练习加以巩固强化。此外,词汇背诵要避免单纯拿词汇书或词汇表背诵的方式,最好的方法是通过做题和阅读,在语境中背单词。
专项阶段
在基本掌握相关语法知识和单词后我们就要开始针对考试练习一些做题技巧了。湖南专升本英语题一般有单选、阅读理解、完形填空、翻译、写作等题型(少部分院校有听力)。在专项阶段,我们可以根据考题类型不断刷题总结考点和做题技巧,逐个击破。当然同时也要继续复习巩固语法知识和单词。
提升阶段
提升阶段主要任务是系统性、详略得当地复习前边所学知识,并大量刷题。尤其是各章节知识点对应的题目要全部吃透,每刷一道题都要去回顾一遍这个题对应的知识点。同时,这个阶段要注重梳理、构建知识体系,理清考试脉络,参考历年习题,找出考察重点、难点,发现自己的薄弱环节并及时加强,同时进一步磨练各个题型的做题技巧。
冲刺阶段
冲刺阶段的重点为做历年真题。进行成套练习,同时掐表做题,训练自己的做题速度,模拟考场环境。通过做题进行最后的查漏补缺,不要留有知识盲点。同时注意心态调整,劳逸结合,调整作息时间和心态,注意饮食和身体,保障充分的精力。
最终学历
五年制大专是大学专科学历,初中毕业入学,五年毕业获专科文凭。原来也叫五年一贯制,这是地方教育行政部门批准的全日制普通专科教育,是专门的招生计划。初中毕业报考五年制专科,学习三年后,地方教育行政部门要组织升大专的考试,相当于高考,基本上都能升入专科段。
学历优势
省钱
五年制大专比传统三年高中加三年大专少读一年,节省了一部分学杂费。
省时间
五年制大专比传统三年高中加三年大专少读一年,节省了一年的学习时间。
不用备战高考
五年制高职学生毕业后,颁发大专学历,与普通高中学生通过高考获得的专科学历相同,但是省去了备战高考的压力。
毕业后可以直接工作
五年制大专学习的专业一般注重实用性,学习的都是实际应用技能,毕业后可以直接工作。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国的人均学历已经明显提高,现在大学生很普遍,初中学历相对来说就落后于大部分人, 无论去应聘工作,还是租房买房,高等学历总是有更实惠的政策和更优厚的待遇,那么今天就来介绍下初中文凭提升学历的方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFBt407OmXoOp50N8bsoz19"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提升学历方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1038Dc5cS5NXWJHqLuhli8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初中文凭提升学历一般分为两种方式,年龄在18岁以下可以直接就读五年专,直接提升学历到大专,年龄在18岁以上就要参加成人教育的形式提升学历。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzjMFo95qb1l0LRsDLybJGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成人教育","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCZiZEcxLV4nX4ddJM2bS5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"获取中专学历证书的方法有:成人中专,自考中专。中专之后再提升的途径有国家统考和自学考试两种方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8ASd8eAgoekccx4DWWcON9EnWh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"获取中专学历","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZKnAXsNJVtVPje2epeyUMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中专文凭的获取方法有:成人中专,自考中专。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqAIdco4SoOyMQxmxwYcZbGSneb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成人中专","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IMucdsiSMoMakwxA967cagRznxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初中生可考两年制或三年制专业。两年制学生需满18周岁两个月,三年制学生需满15周岁两个月;高中生可以修一年的专业,需要满18周岁两个月。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AksydoE6aomec4xGqiec6MXxnQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这里推荐电大中专,学校全称中央广播电视中等专业学校。这个学校是针对初中毕业的人群开设,报考年龄没有上限,并且课程采用网络教学模式,可以在家里面学习、考试,考试合格后方可领证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vq44dEMIOoiEIgxa6STczOO9nfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学校报名比较简单,不需要参加入学考试,一般是在相关培训机构直接报名就可以了,报名成功后直接交学费就能入学,入学后再根据课程内容学习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WyiSdOI2Yowu6sx6VvXcOuVun3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名方式:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwWKdqsKooEoYAxQ1zncR2ZVnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"登录中央广播电视中等专业学校官网:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://zzx.ouchn.edu.cn/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://zzx.ouchn.edu.cn/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E80cdi6WmowUOgxo3Z3cNotcnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、提交信息报名注册。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lc8AdAII2oWcyCxwZchcZLO0nlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、交学费。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EqWYdY2uKouSgwxyGOcc65kOn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、查询学籍,一般一个星期后可以查询到自己的学籍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OKU8d0AkQoGYQ0xWOohcGmecnOf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":551,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"成人中专","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a0766699498c40c99819b78de9ccdbcc","width":924},"text":"","id":"B8KsdgOMmoqIeMx4ovwcj38XnUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、确定获得学籍后可以开始学习课程,然后参加考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HW04dgscIoQMYuxe6aDcm1aCnlf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":509,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"成人中专","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ff275f29405492e89de11f85cfdef8d","width":901},"text":"","id":"SOOudeSASoGqegxesDmc78etntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、配合老师学习、完成作业,即可申请毕业,毕业证书如下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YGiQdOMMUoQOQcxilqCcrGPFnZa"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":545,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"成人中专","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bf0fb3b82ef34e7eaa0b252ef57f4130","width":802},"text":"","id":"CEyKd4SAMoEGmAxcdhhc1uHanwg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自考中专","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Us4cd0EcUo4QGaxMHnrctMZunyd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R2QodaO8aoAQ4qxC2iEcv3vmnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、中华人民共和国公民,不受性别,年龄、民族、种族和已受教育程度的限制,均可按省教育考试院规定的时间和地点报名参加高等和教育自学考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BC0CdSiOIoIGimxWInEcxxG1nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、报考自考本科段的考生,报考与所学专业不同的本科,根据专业的不同需要加试相应的课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZMsmdWuoCoqMqgxOioic5m5inyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、已公布停考的专业,仅限在籍考生按有关文件规定报考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N68WdKKiQoCeIWxE7yPcMcmjnsg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、对有特殊要求的专业,考生须按有关规定报考。考生办理本科毕业证时,必须上交国家承认的专科及以上学历证书原件,否则,不予办理本科毕业证书。专科在读的考生也可以报考本科,只是领本科毕业证的时候必须要有专科毕业证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HgKUdQaSuom40UxsX83cdBM0n3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Asm2dokcooCyawxWUxCc8nsunbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、登录各地自考网上报名网站","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://zk.hebeea.edu.cn/HebzkWeb/index"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://zk.hebeea.edu.cn/HebzkWeb/index","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(新生需注册并填写相关资料,老生根据自己之前的账号进行登陆)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AucSdK4Quo8kCgxILgGcXLhYnGd"},{"typ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考,它有大自考(社会型考生)和小自考(应用型考生)两种类别。1981年经国务院批准创立,是对自学者进行的以学历考试为主的高等教育国家考试,考生主要有两种学习方式,一是在高等院校举办的助学点学习或进入本校进行全日制学习(学生采用这种学习方式称为应用型考生),二是在社会举办的助学单位学习或自学(用这种学习方式的学生称为社会型考生)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVb4xDubZOSH9DtAJOqI8jf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"高等教育自学考试中社会型考生占75%,应用型考生占25%。含金量高,但是难度大,毕业率很低。需要的同学可以了解。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpcxHiEUqjd6bI2FsSOY1Gb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自考没有入学考试,只需要参加相应的课程考试,所有课程考试合格后,符合毕业条件即可申请大专毕业证书(下方是大自考和小自考通用的相关流程)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnelBkEEkpMJb4MRYMQ3Yz2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7XA8vxug2pbkeFUkKgiXkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"遵守中华人民共和国宪法和法律,国家承认学历的各类高、中等学校在校生以外的在职、从业人员和社会其他人员,身体健康,生活能自理,不影响所报专业学习。自考因为不受性别、年龄、民族、种族、学历、身体健康状况、居住地等限制,中专学历也可报考自考大专的(可不考虑户口在异地报名)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn58DLtdN7MDnmzTNA4cLttb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、报考需要的资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBTDKMGsYniEcsC8euzHRtb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考生需填写报名表;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni1BgBZxfsBgz09r30TqlXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"携带身份证及扫描件或省证复印件的正反面;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndgCCkKqvrUMiTAaWWs67hg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一张2寸免冠蓝色底片照片(电子版或本人收藏)。注:照片中的考生不能戴眼镜;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7RIaESy4A9SZMdu6BjXJyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"扫描或复印考生的最高学历证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXYbCSmPXuvVfMB9SmAaVHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、报名时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnN7v2EZZSHAH0qoSsvBpztg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每年成人高考考试时间为每年10月份,一般8、9月份即可网上报","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn382LLbYeljRXZjWiNIG1Le"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、自考流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnRON7bS8zockfknzwUTaHjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、去自考考试办公室咨询,了解基本政策、选定所学专业。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ugc8dK8SkoaqGSxARnrc20NEnCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在自考办网站上报名;选择专业、任意选定首次考试的课程,然后缴费(以河北为例:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://zk.hebeea.edu.cn/HebzkWeb/index"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://zk.hebeea.edu.cn/HebzkWeb/index","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":")。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IcQid8kSWoeKq4xOKPnccNfVnTb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":738,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自学考试","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f3864c4e7f4c4b0f9f31758c5e595d94","width":1299},"text":"","id":"JuQWdEW2io4KO8x64D2cPEZ2nSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、去自考办指定的地方办理现场报名确认手续,采集照片,办理准考证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WqIcdeKmgoUEIcxMRQJcCmtWn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"河北为例:河北自学考试准考证打印(领取)时间一般考前一周左右开始(部分地区需去指定点领取)。例如:2022年10月河北自考是10月23-25日举行,那么准考证一般就是从10月15日开始打印。(具体以考试院通知为准)。考生可登陆河北自考网(即报名网站),进入准考证打印入口。输入准考证号及密码,进入考生个人空间。按照提示打印即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HaiGdoUCOoSW0yxecdOcA9eRnqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、在规定的时间内领取准考证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DemMdKgAYoMI6ux6uRjcZvu1nlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、在指定的日子领取、查询个人考场、考点信息资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KogydW6MMoIWIYxkVBzcHJydn8f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、在规定的日子、时间,带上指定的证件参加考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LSaCdwceYoYc2QxCRoZc3LSwnOk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、成绩查询:自考成绩查询在考后一个月左右,主要以省为单位查询考试成绩。例如:4月份参加自考,那么6月份左右就可登陆河北省教育考试院查询成绩;同理,10份参加自考,那么12月初开始就可以查询河北自考成绩,具体查询时间请根据官网公布为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UEiQdqO6WoAWiwxwrB4cnYYvnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、自考毕业办理申请(河北为例):河北自考一年有两次申请毕业机会。大约在上半年7月上旬;下半年12月上旬,具体时间每年不同,参考当年的官方文件为准,只要满足院校要求的自考毕业条件,即可申请自考毕业,在线办理相关事项。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XE8kdQqsKoGeu4xSgGGcaYBMnEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、备考内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzUYEYjdSd28hDPv3FgWCub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考内容一般是根据考生所选的专业决的定,不同的专业所学的知识不同,所对应的科目自考也不同,大致分为公共基础课、专业课、选修课,具体以报考专业的课程设置为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9PmyFIcyZBIsMUlAWq3ZwM"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自学考试","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/48e3fdcf85c54a43aac5170af4853c1c","width":754},"text":"","id":"doxcnZXWc0MBE9uLczHV9lusURf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"公共课一般是:思想道德修养与法律基础、毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论、高等数学(一)、英语(一)、大学语文等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnp0oxZtK8jJ79A8x3dkn7xc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"专业课的每一个专业的科目设置,会根据专业知识、技能的不同培养要求而不同,这个主要是看报考学校的要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxc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