uv752n型紫外可见分光光度计(分光光度计UV)

海潮机械 2023-01-15 15:56 编辑:admin 290阅读

1. 分光光度计UV

1、开启和自检

(1)仪器开启

用电源线连接上电源,打开仪器开关(位于仪器的后右侧),仪器开机后进入系统自检过程。

(2)系统自检

在自检状态,仪器会自动对滤光片、灯源切换、检测器、氘灯、钨灯、波长校正、系统参数和暗电流进行检测。

注:如果某一项自检出错,仪器会自动鸣叫报警,同时显示错误项,用户可按任意键跳过,继续自检下一项。

(3)系统预热

仪器开机后,因电器件需要预热一定的时间后方可达到稳定状态;另外氘灯周围环境也需要一定时间方能达到热平衡,所以仪器需要预热约20分钟后,方可正常使用。

自检结果后,仪器进入预热状态,预热时间为20分钟,预热结束后仪器会自动检测暗电流一次。预热时可以按任意键跳过。

(4)进入系统主菜单

仪器自检结束后进入主界面。按“MODE”键可以在T、A、C、F间自由转换,分别实验透过率测试,吸光度测试工,标准曲线和系统法等功能。

2、透过率测试

在此功能下,可进行固定波长下的透过率测试,也可以将测量结果打印输出。 (1)设定工作波长

在系统主界面下,系统的默认功能项为透过率测试,此时直接按“GOTO λ”键可以进入波长设定界面,用上下键来改变波长值,每按一次该键则屏幕上的波长值会相应增加或减少0.1nm,按“ENTER”键确认。

提示:可以长按此二键,则数字会快速变化,直至所需的波长值为止,近“ENTER”键确认。波长设定完成后自动返回上级界面。

(2)按“ZERO”键对当前工作波长下的空白样品进行调100.0%T。

注意:在调100.0%T之前记得将空白样品拉(推)入光路中,否则调100.0%T的结果不是空白液的100.0%T,使得测量结果不正确。

(3)进行测量

当调100.0%T完成后,把待测样品拉(推)入光路中,按“ENTER”键进入测量界面(若已经在测量界面下,则无须此项操作,直接进行后面的操作即可),按“ENTER”键即可在当前工作波长下对样品进行透过率的测量。

每按下一次“ENTER”键,系统会自动将当时所显示的数值记录到数据据存储区,但当查看时,液晶显示屏的每一屏只可显示5行数据,其余数据可通过按上下键进行翻页显示。

(4)数据打印与清除

数据存储区最多可存储200组数据。如果要打印或消除已测量数据,可在测量结果显示界面下,按“PRINT/CLEAR”键,进入打印或删除除界面,用上下键选择对应

2. 分光光度计uv5500pc

LED灯珠参数

1、亮度   LED的亮度不同,价格不同。   灯杯:一般亮度为60-70lm;   球泡灯:一般亮度为80-90lm.   注:1W亮度为60-110lm3W亮度最高可达240lm5W-300W是集成芯片,用串/并联封装,主要看多少电流,电压,几串几并。   1W红光,亮度一般为30-40lm;1W绿光,亮度一般为60-80lm;1W黄光,亮度一般为30-50lm;1W蓝光,亮度一般为20-30lm.   LED透镜:一次透镜一般用PMMA、PC、光学玻璃、硅胶(软硅胶,硬硅胶)等材料。角度越大出光效率越高,用小角度的LED透镜,光线要射得远的。   

2、抗静电能力   抗静电能力强的LED,寿命长,因而价格高。通常抗静电大于700V的LED才能用于LED灯饰   

3、波长   波长一致的LED,颜色一致,如要求颜色一致,则价格高。没有LED分光分色仪的生产商很难生产色彩纯正的产品。   大功率LED灯珠详细参数及点光源选择技巧   白光分暖色(色温2700-4000K),正白(色温5500-6000K),冷白(色温7000K以上)欧洲人比较喜欢暖白   红光:波段600-680,其中620,630主要用于舞台灯,690接近红外线   蓝光:波段430-480,其中460,465舞台灯用的较多。   绿光:波段500-580,其中525,530舞台灯用的较多。   4、漏电电流   LED是单向导电的发光体,如果有反向电流,则称为漏电,漏电电流大的LED,寿命短,价格低。   5、发光角度   用途不同的LED其发光角度不一样。特殊的发光角度,价格较高。   6、寿命   不同品质的关键是寿命,寿命由光衰决定。光衰小、寿命长,寿命长,价格高。   7、LED芯片   LED的发光体为芯片,不同的芯片,价格差异很大。日本、美国的芯片较贵,台厂与中国本土厂商的LED芯片价格低于日、美。   8、芯片大小   芯片的大小以边长表示,芯片尺寸一般为:38-45mΩ,大芯片LED的品质比小芯片的要好。价格同芯片大小成正比。   9、胶体   普通的LED的胶体一般为环氧树脂,加有抗紫外线及防火剂的LED价格较贵,高品质的户外LED灯饰应抗紫外线及防火。   大功率LED灯珠详细参数及点光源选择技巧   10、显色值   正白:60-6,暖白:50-60,由于不同公司使用的封装荧光粉不一样,所以显色值也不一样。 从健康方面,采用无毒材料设计的产品价格要高,特别是室内LED灯饰,千万别贪便宜选用有异味的LED灯饰,目前仅少数几家LED厂家是用无毒材料生产,辨别的方法可以直接用鼻子分别,有臭味的产品比无臭味的价格更低很多。类似铅、汞、镉等毒素需专业人员分析。从适用环境安全看,有可靠的防尘防潮设计,材料防火、防紫外线、防低温开裂的LED产品的价格高。LED的技术参数主要有发光强度,色度,波长,色温等。 下面我们就这些参数给予简单的介绍。 光强度(LuminousIntensity;IV)   光强度定义为单位立体角所发射出的光通量,单位为烛光(Candela,cd)。一般而言,光源会向不同方向以不同强度放射出其光通量,在特定方向单位立体角所放出之可见光辐射强度即称之为光强度。 色度(Chromaticity)   人眼对色彩的感知是一种错综复杂的过程,为了将色彩的描述加以量化,国际照明协会(CIE)根据标准观测者的视觉实验,将人眼对不同波长的辐射能所引起的视觉感加以纪录,计算出红、绿、蓝三原色的配色函数,经过数学转换后即得所谓的CIE1931ColorMatchingFunction(x((),y((),z(()),而根据此一配色函数,后续发展出数种色彩度量定义,使人们得以对色彩加以描述运用。   根据CIE1931配色函数,将人眼对可见光的刺激值以XYZ表示,经下列公式换算得到x,y值,即CIE1931(x,y)色度坐标,透过此统一标准,对色彩的描述便得以量化并加以控制。   x,y:CIE1931色度坐标值(ChromaticityCoordinates)   然而,由于以(x,y)色度坐标所建构之色域为非均匀性,使色差难以量化表示,所以CIE于1976年将CIE1931色度坐标加以转换,使其所形成之色域为接近均匀之色度空间,让色彩差异得以量化表示,即CIE1976UCS(UniformChromaticityScale)色度坐标,以(u’,v’)表示,计算公式如下所示: 主波长(λD)   其亦为表达颜色的方法之一,在得到待测件的色度坐标(x,y)后,将其标示于CIE色度坐标图(如下图)上,连结E光源色度点(色度坐标(x,y)=(0.333,0.333))与该点并延伸该连结线,此延长线与光谱轨迹(马蹄形)相交的波长值即称之为该待测件的主波长。 惟应注意的是,此种标示方法下相同主波长将代表多个不同色度点,是以用于待测件色度点邻近光谱轨迹时较具意义,而白光LED则无法以此种方式描述其颜色特性。 纯度(Purity)   其为以主波长描述颜色时之辅助表示,以百分比计,定义为待测件色度坐标与E光源之色度坐标直线距离与E光源至该待测件主波长之光谱轨迹(SpectralLocus)色度坐标距离的百分比,纯度愈高,代表待测件的色度坐标愈接近其该主波长的光谱色,是以纯度愈高的待测件,愈适合以主波长描述其颜色特性,LED即是一例。 色温(ColorTemperature)   一光源之辐射能量分布与某一绝对温度下之标准黑体(BlackBodyRadiator)辐射能量分布相同时,其光源色度与此黑体辐射之色度相同,此时光源色度以所对应之绝对温度表之,此温度称之为色温(ColorTemperature),而在各温度下之黑体辐射所呈现之色度可在色度图上标出曲线,称之为蒲朗克轨迹(PlanckianLocus)。标准黑体的温度愈高,其辐射出的光线对人眼产生蓝色刺激愈多,红色刺激成分亦相对减少。然而在实际量测上,无任何光源具有跟黑体相同的辐射能量分布,换言之,待测光源之色度通常并未落在蒲朗克轨迹上。因此计算待测光源之色度坐标所最接近蒲朗克轨迹上某个坐标点,此点之黑体温度即定义为该光源之相关色温(CorrelatedColorTemperature;CCT),通常以CIE1960UCS(u,v)色度图求之,并配合色差△uv加以描述。须注意的是,此种表示方式对光源色度邻近蒲朗克轨迹时方具意义,是以对于LED量测而言,仅适用于白光LED之颜色描述。

3. 分光光度计uv5200

UV光源从几瓦到上千瓦不等,其在运行过程中,会匹配适合的冷水机进行冷却降温,以下为各个瓦数所匹配的冷水机型号: CW-5000AI用于冷却300W-600W UV-LED光源 CW-5200AI用于冷却1KW-1.4KW UV-LED光源 CW-6000AN用于冷却1.6KW-2.5KW UV-LED光源 CW-6100AN用于冷却2.5KW-3.6KW UV-LED光源 CW-6200AN用于冷却3.6KW-5KW UV-LED光源 CW-6300EN用于冷却5KW-9KW UV-LED光源 CW-7500EN用于冷却9KW-11KW UV-LED光源

4. 分光光度计uv使用方法

紫外-可见光光谱(Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy,UV-Vis),又称紫外-可见分子吸收光谱法。

紫外-可见分光光度法是在190~800nm波长范围内测定物质的吸光度,用于鉴别、杂质检查和定量测定的方法。当光穿过被测物质溶液时,物质对光的吸收程度随光的波长不同而变化。因此,通过测定物质在不同波长处的吸光度,并绘制其吸光度与波长的关系图即得被测物质的吸收光谱。

从吸收光谱中,可以确定最大吸收波长λmax和最小吸收波长λmin。物质的吸收光谱具有与其结构相关的特征性。因此,可以通过特定波长范围内样品的光谱与对照光谱或对照品光谱的比较,或通过确定最大吸收波长,或通过测量两个特定波长处的吸收比值而鉴别物质。

用于定量时,在最大吸收波长处测量一定浓度样品溶液的吸光度,并与一定浓度的对照溶液的吸光度进行比较或采用吸收系数法求算出样品溶液的浓度。

5. 分光光度计uv-1800怎么使用

卫生间设施建设中最主要的一部分就是防水施工,它直接影响卫生间的使用寿命、使用性能、功能以及便利程度。下面我们看一下防水施工步骤的流程及注意事项。

施工流程总结为:施工准备→基层处理→确定防水高度→防水涂抹→蓄水、淋水试验

要点步骤

施工准备

施工前做好现场技术交底,明确施工要求,安排施工材料机具进场并带有相关合格证。基层含水率≤9%,水管试压合格,管口做好防护。

基层处理

基层处理主要包括细部节点加强处理、大面节点部位的处理、基层清理。

1、细部节点处理主要针对排水口、管根、阴阳角、地面凹凸不平的地方进行剃槽填补处理,做防水的地方如果有管路,根部松动或有裂缝,也需要将管路加固、抹平。卫生间的阴阳角、水管根部应避免死角,建议做倒角处理,避免后期防水施工涂刷不到位、材料堆积等引发的开裂问题。

2、将各管口底部周围进行剃槽处理;

3、剃槽后及时清理水泥碎渣及尘土,然后在槽内填置止水条,最后用堵漏王抹平,同时用蘸水的刷子将其表面处理光滑,地面要找平找坡,墙面若有裂痕、空鼓、缺陷,需要进行抹平处理,保证基层坚固平整。

所有细部处理结束后,进入基层处理阶段,用铲刀将粘在找平层上的灰渣除掉,表面必须平整,凹陷处用堵漏王进行抹平。然后用扫帚全面清扫墙面、地面、细部等各个部位,地面一定要打扫干净,不能有任何杂物,包括灰尘、沙粒、水泥等,否则防水做好后会影响效果,并且容易在防水施工过程中受到破坏。

确定防水高度

在设定好的防水高度位置进行弹线,卫生间内非淋浴墙面防水高度为300mm;对于墙面会经常接触水的卫生间,防水高度应加高至1800mm;墙上有穿墙管部位要高出管口部位200mm。

防水涂膜

施工前基层进行适当的洒水湿润,防止干燥开裂。

首先对排水口、管根处、阴阳角处用搅拌好的JS复合防水涂料均匀地涂刷一遍,涂刷宽度为300mm为宜,并立即铺设网格布进行增强处理,用漆刷将网格布按压平整与下层涂料贴合紧密,搭接宽度为100mm。附加层防水施工结束后至少进行三遍防水涂抹,直至设计厚度。

第一遍涂抹要薄涂,厚度为0.2-0.4mm,间隔4-8小时后进行第二遍涂抹。第二第三遍涂抹厚度0.4-0.5mm,为保证墙面后续益于贴砖,应在第三遍涂抹结束后在墙面撒上细沙处理。

施工后检查

防水层施工完成48小时后,蓄水试验24h以上和连续淋水2小时,未出现渗水漏水为合格,然后做隐蔽工程检查验收,交下道工序施工,此为闭水试验。在进行闭水试验时,首先检查防水施工质量,涂层表面是否平整光滑,有无开裂,阴角、阳角、地漏、排水管根部等是否进行补修处理,防水层是否完全干燥等。

进行闭水试验时,蓄水深度不能小于20mm,蓄水时间在1-2天。前期每小时要到楼下检查一次,后期每2-3小时到楼下检查一次。如果发现漏水情况,要立即停止闭水试验,重新进行防水层完善处理,处理合格后再继续闭水试验。

注意事项

基层要求严格

基层是防水层赖以存在的基础,与卷材防水层相比,涂膜防水对基层的要求更为严格。

平整度

基层的平整度是保证涂膜防水质量的关键。

如果基层表面凹凸不平或局部隆起,在作涂膜防水层时就容易出现涂膜厚薄不均、基层凸起的部位,使涂膜厚度减薄,影响了耐久性;基层凹陷部分,使涂膜层增厚,浪费防水涂料。

因此新规范规定找平层的平整度用2m长直尺检查,缝隙不应超过5mm。

表面质量把控

表面质量

如表面酥松、强度过低、裂缝过大,容易使涂膜与基层粘结不牢,在使用过程中往往会造成涂膜与基层剥离,成为渗漏的主要原因之一。

新规范规定基层应压实平整,不得有酥松、起砂、起皮等现象。

防水剂

认真涂刷底面防水层在基层上按第一层的配比要求配制底层防水剂,目的是:

①堵塞基层毛细孔,使JS水泥基防水涂料充分渗透到毛细裂缝中,达到防水目的;

②增加基层与防水层的粘结力;

③涂刷底层防水涂料时,直接将JS水泥基防水涂料稀释,应用力薄涂,使其渗入基层毛细孔中。

计量

准确计量,充分搅拌对于JS水泥基防水涂料,施工时应按规定的配合比准确计量,充分搅拌均匀。

薄涂

薄涂多遍,确保厚度确保涂膜防水层的厚度是涂膜防水屋面最主要的技术要求。每遍涂膜厚度以0.4-0.5mm为宜,涂料用量约1~1.2㎏/㎡,不宜一遍过厚。

涂刷

涂刷方向与接茬防水涂层涂刷致密是保证质量的关键。要求各遍涂膜的涂刷方向应互相垂直,使上下遍涂层互相覆盖严密,避免产生直通的针眼气孔,提高防水层的整体性和均匀性。

在涂膜防水层的收头处应多遍涂刷防水涂料,或用密封材料封严。

养护

加强成品保护整个防水涂膜施工完后,应有一个自然养护的时间。JS水泥防水涂料最低养护时间需要72h(3天),充分养护时间需要7天。

其他

防水层施工完毕经检查合格后方可进行下一道工序施工,及时做好质量评定及隐蔽工程记录,完整地做好防水工程技术资料。在施工间隙或施工结束时,应尽快用水清洗所有粘有涂料的工具和工作服,否则等涂料干固后很难洗净。施工现场温度宜在5℃以上,雨或大风天气不宜施工。

常见问题

疙瘩、针孔

原因分析:

1、基层过于干燥或基层吸水率高,防水涂料涂刷后基层快速吸收水分;

2、防水涂料施工时涂刷不充分,仅浮于基层表面,没有充分浸润基层; 

3、防水涂料搅拌过程中混入的气泡未充分排净;

4、防水涂料搅拌不充分,粉液料未充分混匀,导致底部粉料堆积;

5、在不干净的搅拌桶中搅拌防水涂料。

防治措施:

1、防水层出现“疙瘩”现象:

①应按照双组份防水涂料搅拌流程将防水涂料搅拌均匀,严格控制混合比例、加料顺序、搅拌时间、搅拌速度等参数;

②不得使用过期或超过可操作时间的防水涂料;

③防水涂料搅拌前应将搅拌桶清洗干净,不得使用不干净的搅拌桶搅拌防水涂料。

2、防水层出现“针孔”现象:

①在聚合物水泥防水涂料施工前,先对基层进行充分润湿,待表面无明水后再进行防水涂料涂刷,且第一遍防水涂料应薄涂施工;

②应尽量采用刷涂施工,毛刷往复涂刷,使防水材料充分浸润基层;

③清除基层上存在的浮浆、浮灰、尘粒等杂物。

起皮、脱落

原因分析:

1、基层存在浮浆、浮灰、尘粒、油脂等不利于粘结的杂质;

2、抹灰层配比或养护不当,导致强度不足,出现开裂、破损、起砂、起皮等现象;

3、基层含水率控制不当,施工前未对基层进行润湿处理;

4、防水涂料未分遍施工,或单遍防水层施工间隔过短,未充分养护。

防治措施:

1、基层表面应平整、坚实,对基层开裂、破损等缺陷部位,应剔凿打磨,并用修补砂浆进行修补;

2、基层含水率应符合要求,JS防水涂料施工前基层应润湿饱和,但无明水;

3、 JS 防水涂料施工时应涂刷均匀、厚薄一致,不得漏涂,防水层厚度应符合规范要求(地面不应小于1.5mm,墙面不应小于1.2mm)。施工时宜分三遍以上涂刷,每遍涂刷厚度宜为0.4~0.6mm;

4、冬季施工应适当延长养护时间。

以上就是防水施工步骤及其注意事项,希望能够给你带来帮助。

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施工流程总结为:施工准备→基层处理→确定防水高度→防水涂抹→蓄水、淋水试验","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAo2wOuk8amMmqehvVt0Lb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"要点步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYOKCmWIycqOiiWSKJxyI4c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"施工准备","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkoGmq2YKOeyyuu6rw5P8kU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"施工前做好现场技术交底,明确施工要求,安排施工材料机具进场并带有相关合格证。基层含水率≤9%,水管试压合格,管口做好防护。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnokeUaQWG24OumR33JuPD9h"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基层处理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyCkwOiaeCAq6SkQaCCNhFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"基层处理主要包括细部节点加强处理、大面节点部位的处理、基层清理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIMWekoQK8wgiUtleB6Oumb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、细部节点处理主要针对排水口、管根、阴阳角、地面凹凸不平的地方进行剃槽填补处理,做防水的地方如果有管路,根部松动或有裂缝,也需要将管路加固、抹平。卫生间的阴阳角、水管根部应避免死角,建议做倒角处理,避免后期防水施工涂刷不到位、材料堆积等引发的开裂问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGGYCWYWUigkmUxQyCZT9Td"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":291,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基层处理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8fbd9061555d480d8ee62b72d03e015a","width":519},"text":"","id":"doxcnWM2oQSu8IUMWDSjwSxdqKD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、将各管口底部周围进行剃槽处理;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmaiQcqqcIkcagzvbRH1kc0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、剃槽后及时清理水泥碎渣及尘土,然后在槽内填置止水条,最后用堵漏王抹平,同时用蘸水的刷子将其表面处理光滑,地面要找平找坡,墙面若有裂痕、空鼓、缺陷,需要进行抹平处理,保证基层坚固平整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncYUsIG2mYUGeQZDZYqJuBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所有细部处理结束后,进入基层处理阶段,用铲刀将粘在找平层上的灰渣除掉,表面必须平整,凹陷处用堵漏王进行抹平。然后用扫帚全面清扫墙面、地面、细部等各个部位,地面一定要打扫干净,不能有任何杂物,包括灰尘、沙粒、水泥等,否则防水做好后会影响效果,并且容易在防水施工过程中受到破坏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEmOoMQ8oS8uIGgv3mm15ah"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":535,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基层处理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0c4222ec992a408eaa805170450507cd","width":942},"text":"","id":"doxcnAyM2S6Ag4EIgym4Ippa3Cg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"确定防水高度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn44UaQQ6CsQMmSmJ9JBvcPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在设定好的防水高度位置进行弹线,卫生间内非淋浴墙面防水高度为300mm;对于墙面会经常接触水的卫生间,防水高度应加高至1800mm;墙上有穿墙管部位要高出管口部位200mm。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQYsekeiQ4KYmYgQbS1tKg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":325,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"确定防水高度","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/94152a4a53a3467db69208b1a02ab6e2","width":689},"text":"","id":"doxcnSiC2wAuokKsESwEjGIuY3z"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水涂膜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuYAsMqEwYaCicBM8uTZcPH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"施工前基层进行适当的洒水湿润,防止干燥开裂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAqyMaW28G44CAyPchbRfWM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先对排水口、管根处、阴阳角处用搅拌好的JS复合防水涂料均匀地涂刷一遍,涂刷宽度为300mm为宜,并立即铺设网格布进行增强处理,用漆刷将网格布按压平整与下层涂料贴合紧密,搭接宽度为100mm。附加层防水施工结束后至少进行三遍防水涂抹,直至设计厚度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYy6Y4I8GKcqkFlGDoxjwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一遍涂抹要薄涂,厚度为0.2-0.4mm,间隔4-8小时后进行第二遍涂抹。第二第三遍涂抹厚度0.4-0.5mm,为保证墙面后续益于贴砖,应在第三遍涂抹结束后在墙面撒上细沙处理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCEgES4KCweOcALsd47lwJe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"施工后检查","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8aKQmW6Y4uEQ0OUHGPDO3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水层施工完成48小时后,蓄水试验24h以上和连续淋水2小时,未出现渗水漏水为合格,然后做隐蔽工程检查验收,交下道工序施工,此为闭水试验。在进行闭水试验时,首先检查防水施工质量,涂层表面是否平整光滑,有无开裂,阴角、阳角、地漏、排水管根部等是否进行补修处理,防水层是否完全干燥等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMk8k8SeSwEykJZgGr64jBL"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"施工后检查","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0383c1a6ca3d4089b336fe5e2bfe8e8c","width":592},"text":"","id":"doxcniYguOQoEiw6IeCxFELrRIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进行闭水试验时,蓄水深度不能小于20mm,蓄水时间在1-2天。前期每小时要到楼下检查一次,后期每2-3小时到楼下检查一次。如果发现漏水情况,要立即停止闭水试验,重新进行防水层完善处理,处理合格后再继续闭水试验。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA2qSKIuMwaiWg1rKIMRWOg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"施工后检查","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8659380f459b4593ae74239da03a25e7","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnYyomqOuY2eOSeoC94xhrAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqEMGAGKGgm2g83C02bY9Pd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基层要求严格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGgwYiGGG8AmCyqCbdG7d7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"基层是防水层赖以存在的基础,与卷材防水层相比,涂膜防水对基层的要求更为严格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkSSA8ycwIAysMbPXhgcVPh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"平整度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuGAmeqq4eyqqU1bRguG1Mg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"基层的平整度是保证涂膜防水质量的关键。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UssgQWOwGsyaaXtKzLLHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果基层表面凹凸不平或局部隆起,在作涂膜防水层时就容易出现涂膜厚薄不均、基层凸起的部位,使涂膜厚度减薄,影响了耐久性;基层凹陷部分,使涂膜层增厚,浪费防水涂料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQEA0MqkG0eoKiG2ilUIhmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因此新规范规定找平层的平整度用2m长直尺检查,缝隙不应超过5mm。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnugsWII0yGqgiWEz7kNj7oh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"表面质量把控","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6Me4iuemmCQUiyyCub0Bwe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"表面质量","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM42IcA04mOuOCyVjjZMdKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如表面酥松、强度过低、裂缝过大,容易使涂膜与基层粘结不牢,在使用过程中往往会造成涂膜与基层剥离,成为渗漏的主要原因之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyG0YO6cGGW2SgFg2oayc3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新规范规定基层应压实平整,不得有酥松、起砂、起皮等现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0cUWKGOoi2Ke4WIcDFonQd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水剂","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOoQ4A4uU4oUYqqyYmil8Sf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"认真涂刷底面防水层在基层上按第一层的配比要求配制底层防水剂,目的是:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM6GMymOeyS6q616g2IBNpk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①堵塞基层毛细孔,使JS水泥基防水涂料充分渗透到毛细裂缝中,达到防水目的;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8csCA4W6ciAIwBkdIbsQye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②增加基层与防水层的粘结力;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngOMwGQWkwa6ciawusmtgze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③涂刷底层防水涂料时,直接将JS水泥基防水涂料稀释,应用力薄涂,使其渗入基层毛细孔中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWkkEyaWg4CACwbzJPzdICe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"计量","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyOK0G08s2Qk8YdtJKWqN7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准确计量,充分搅拌对于JS水泥基防水涂料,施工时应按规定的配合比准确计量,充分搅拌均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCySsoMCMIwgggBOGxQUjpf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"薄涂","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Wwka48CuSMimWMkNfEojb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"薄涂多遍,确保厚度确保涂膜防水层的厚度是涂膜防水屋面最主要的技术要求。每遍涂膜厚度以0.4-0.5mm为宜,涂料用量约1~1.2㎏/㎡,不宜一遍过厚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGGIw2uUcyCyWaqg0UxFK4e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"涂刷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmGGmu4CeuYu4mCI2zDhBRr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"涂刷方向与接茬防水涂层涂刷致密是保证质量的关键。要求各遍涂膜的涂刷方向应互相垂直,使上下遍涂层互相覆盖严密,避免产生直通的针眼气孔,提高防水层的整体性和均匀性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOwkQIgGcySeWi8YUj7g7mc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在涂膜防水层的收头处应多遍涂刷防水涂料,或用密封材料封严。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQSGg224oqM0IuOrzt6g7Th"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":530,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"涂刷","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ecd78eb39e1f40acb948eb85e7d72925","width":942},"text":"","id":"doxcncmcwa0yiswYEIN7unkG14d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"养护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWuYmEsqOg6moABFn9F3Zef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"加强成品保护整个防水涂膜施工完后,应有一个自然养护的时间。JS水泥防水涂料最低养护时间需要72h(3天),充分养护时间需要7天。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngMUeI88maW4EekWKSVA5Lb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCiYo0CwUEkKIgTrUF0SSqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水层施工完毕经检查合格后方可进行下一道工序施工,及时做好质量评定及隐蔽工程记录,完整地做好防水工程技术资料。在施工间隙或施工结束时,应尽快用水清洗所有粘有涂料的工具和工作服,否则等涂料干固后很难洗净。施工现场温度宜在5℃以上,雨或大风天气不宜施工。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq0MEE6k8Uoems3ZQMIZeOg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常见问题","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEICs2oMiWaKayqk2hnlWgg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"疙瘩、针孔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6WsY8og0mO0i8aW9j1wPcc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":244,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"疙瘩、针孔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/260f90a5959d493da9ef61d9cafe564d","width":439},"text":"","id":"doxcnGGKCG8QCuegCMFKdtURfnf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因分析:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMsagkwSc20oiaeg6I7uvwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、基层过于干燥或基层吸水率高,防水涂料涂刷后基层快速吸收水分;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8awoCWeY6Oi6yTKSzulNB8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、防水涂料施工时涂刷不充分,仅浮于基层表面,没有充分浸润基层; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkswQEMUsMOaKKmWjLOK16b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、防水涂料搅拌过程中混入的气泡未充分排净;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6q8QYqEG2KsYayqfd9r8xb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、防水涂料搅拌不充分,粉液料未充分混匀,导致底部粉料堆积;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ86YGE80SS80YVDfslDb3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、在不干净的搅拌桶中搅拌防水涂料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2KEwKsaUImgS2JKs8PylHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"防治措施:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4asA8uoqE6s4GOySN33vih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、防水层出现“疙瘩”现象:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2q6sYG8OQ0yMumePBA4lA2"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①应按照双组份防水涂料搅拌流程将防水涂料搅拌均匀,严格控制混合比例、加料顺序、搅拌时间、搅拌速度等参数;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnswsUY0OiU22GCQyXh2oqtb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②不得使用过期或超过可操作时间的防水涂料;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngsQGwQKQgSGqoLbCEqqkE6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③防水涂料搅拌前应将搅拌桶清洗干净,不得使用不干净的搅拌桶搅拌防水涂料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncqggyaiaWgugqk94FsS2Mf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、防水层出现“针孔”现象:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmmum0GckS0qgYLjNR1zbub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①在聚合物水泥防水涂料施工前,先对基层进行充分润湿,待表面无明水后再进行防水涂料涂刷,且第一遍防水涂料应薄涂施工;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY4Iey4WKuK6yya09fIAujh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②应尽量采用刷涂施工,毛刷往复涂刷,使防水材料充分浸润基层;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnckQsAcCWaAsGKUcGo9GZJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③清除基层上存在的浮浆、浮灰、尘粒等杂物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn28sSeGWEy64yo7UUbrSooh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起皮、脱落","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnke0AUqkSokQMAFJzzygCce"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":310,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"起皮、脱落","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a7dee8f014cd4a788a85ad339b011a07","width":492},"text":"","id":"doxcnm8UGgyiwsKsWO82WBZJ8we"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"原因分析:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqkwW8wQWw8wMiCMJ22mnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、基层存在浮浆、浮灰、尘粒、油脂等不利于粘结的杂质;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCOEwmUwqyWU4uUdj07J3Eb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、抹灰层配比或养护不当,导致强度不足,出现开裂、破损、起砂、起皮等现象;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoACaeGckm2o8WAZbMOjIgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、基层含水率控制不当,施工前未对基层进行润湿处理;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYkAMYkGciigX9BCqjnDGW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、防水涂料未分遍施工,或单遍防水层施工间隔过短,未充分养护。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4sqKGmMiS8sAaYgDGZXGvb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"防治措施:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGsKiYSIuEEKEW8Y4z1fg4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、基层表面应平整、坚实,对基层开裂、破损等缺陷部位,应剔凿打磨,并用修补砂浆进行修补;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuIWqmCY4kioa6XsC8yjaLU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、基层含水率应符合要求,JS防水涂料施工前基层应润湿饱和,但无明水;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmeki8awGM64COjQeCHo4ga"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、 JS 防水涂料施工时应涂刷均匀、厚薄一致,不得漏涂,防水层厚度应符合规范要求(地面不应小于1.5mm,墙面不应小于1.2mm)。施工时宜分三遍以上涂刷,每遍涂刷厚度宜为0.4~0.6mm;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn44Ommk28kcKqKYQlO6HEwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、冬季施工应适当延长养护时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK6sgsKcEu6uiqgNDxn0nGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以上就是防水施工步骤及其注意事项,希望能够给你带来帮助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmswcAGSWEKMQwrxIZy04bh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

6. 分光光度计uv5500

行楷又称“汉字行楷手写体字形”,是偏重于楷书书写笔法,比楷书行笔自由,又比行草规正的行书字体。是汉字在楷书基础上简约书写笔画、增强书写映带、表现书写意趣的实用性字体。行楷最大的优势在于实用性极强,书写速度快、易识易学。

行楷特点

行笔轻盈

书写楷书,运笔稳实、缓慢,笔画讲究工整、挺健。书写行楷,运笔轻松、便捷,线条追求流畅、明快。

点画灵动

书写楷书,笔画造型完整,点画之间呼应关系含蓄。书写行楷,点画活泼,连带显露,点、钩、挑等动感笔画明显增多。

字形多变

楷书的字形平正端庄,通篇整齐均匀,相映如一。行楷字的字形变化多姿,通篇大小相间,正敧相错,同一个字可以有多种写法。

硬笔行楷

姿势

坐姿

推荐的坐姿:头正、肩平、臂开、足安;眼离纸一尺高,手离笔尖一寸长,胸离桌子拳头,推荐坐姿如下图。

握姿

推荐的握姿:拇指、食指捏住笔,中指抵住笔杆底;余下两指紧相依,指离笔尖一寸余;五指配合齐用力,不松不紧最适宜,推荐握姿如下图。

工具

选笔

1、钢笔

钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:

(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;

(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;

(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。

中性笔

中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。

中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:

(1)书写流度。笔触顺骨,笔画饱满,墨色均匀;

(2)握笔舒适度。长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感;

(3)墨干燥速度。书写时不会被谱黑就行。

3、其他笔

除了钢笔和中性笔,其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多,最为常见的有铅笔,圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。

字帖

分类

字帖大体可分为三类:(1)笔画结构详解类(2)集字类(3)语录文章类。初学者可以购入三类字帖分别一本,有一定基础者可以购入后两类字帖各一本,基础扎实者可购最后一类字帖。行楷定型试验于2019年6月10日启动,2019年10月24日初步定型,所用字帖为荆霄鹏的《实用行楷字帖》(图1)、《林徽因语录行楷》(图2)。《实用行楷字帖》属于集字类,《林徽因语录行楷》属于语录文章类。

图1

图2

推荐字帖

当代有大量优秀行楷字帖,比如吴玉生、田英章、钱沛云等人的行(楷)字帖。

昊玉生的行楷字站:《怎样写好写快规范字》《公务员汉字书写5500字》、《古文观止》、《硬笔行书红楼梦诗词》等。

田英章的行(楷)字帖:《钢笔行书实用技法字帖》、《漂亮字的快写技巧(行书)》、《现代汉语常用3500字(行书)》等。

钱沛云的行(楷)字帖:《钱沛云硬笔书法技巧》《钱市云教你写好硬笔行书》等。

对于字站的选择需要根据自己的喜好,但是也要避雷。

选择字帖三不选:不选折凹槽类字帖;不选手写体类字帖;不选大幅度描红类字帖。

练习纸种类繁多,常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等,练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础,初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等,随着阶段的变化,练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助,达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序,不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。

重点:从脱离米字格到白纸,练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习,不属于完全转换状态。

另外,有以下几个点可以注意:

(1)当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题,建议换纸。

(2)不要使用线格过小的纸,选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。

(3)不要刻意追求“好”纸,硬笔行楷的练习对纸的要求较低。

练字内容

从欣赏一幅书法作品的角度,至少会从章法、结构、笔画(划)三方面进行解读,这三方面即是要练字的内容。

章法

章法是安排布置整幅作品中,字与字、行与行之间呼应、照顾等关系的方法,它着重于字与字之间、行与行之间的协调。章法包含着字形大小、字距远近、字态正奇、黑白分布、落款铃印等,利用这些手段可以使众多单字在特定的风格下形成一种和谐稳定美观又不失趣味的作品。

结构

结构是字内各笔画长短、粗细、疏密、布局等。汉字从结构上分有独体字与合体字两大类。从结构形式看,合体字分为七种,即上下结构、上中下结构、左右结构、左中右结构、半包围结构、全包围结构和品字形结构,巧妙地组织笔画让笔画布局合理,传达的视觉效果越好。

笔画(划)

永字反映出了“点、横、竖、撇、捺、提、折、钩”八个基本笔画。笔尖与纸面接触的痕迹,反映出笔画力度、角度、粗细、曲直等。笔画作为练字的起点,是最基础也是最核心的,务必加倍重视。

练字方式

临摹字帖是当下练字最有效的途径,但是部分人在临摹之前往往忽略了一个前提:读帖。将练字方法分解为三个部分:读帖、摹写、临写。

读帖

读帖需要分析字帖范字的笔画、结构、章法。读帖是一个发挥主观能动性的过程,初步练习时应更多的注重笔画的长短、粗细、徐疾、轻重,笔画之间的俯仰、向背、离合、呼应,字的大小、方圆、高矮、宽窄等等。仔细领会字帖的点画形质、间架结构、气韵神采,才能下笔准确。对同一字帖而言,应从其点画开始,观察其起笔、行笔、收笔如何完成以及同一类笔画之间的细小差别等,再到观察毎个字的间架结构、位置布局和章法,最后则是体味字站的气韵神采、风格特点,为准确地临写做好准备。对不同字帖而言,就比如不止选择的两本字帖,往往起到一个相辅相成的作用,为了解一个字体作好充分的准备。经过观察,不止使用的行楷字帖,不像古帖变化较多,容易学习,方便掌握。

摹写

市面上流通的大多数摹写字帖采用透明度较高的硫酸纸覆盖在字帖上,按照影子描写(或者猫红)。当你开始使用摹写时前也要详细的读帖,做到心中有数。摹写过程中,尽量与原帖的用笔一致,单字书写一气呵成,不可存在먹笔填笔等问题。摹写有利有弊,不止认为摹写存在降低主观能动性的嫌疑,故整个练字试验过程都没有使用摹写。

临写

临写根据要求的不同可分为对临、背临和意临。

1、对临

可将字帖置于视角左侧或前端,便于准确观察。随着练字形式的多样化,对临时关于字帖的摆放只要适用于自己即可,可通过裁剪字帖放大观察范围,不必拘泥形式。基于读帖,写完后再将自己写的与字帖仔细对照分析,找到不足做出标记,再次临写,循环练习直到与字帖的字高度相以。临写时不可看一笔写一笔。

2、背临

在读帖,摹写,对临这些过程中,应当有所思索、有所比较、有所记忆,将字帖熟记于心,合帖临写,通过背临这种方式来检验自己是否熟练,这种方式就好比背语文课文,作为一种检查手段的同时,也是在巩固字体的练习,以形成记忆模式,达到一种出笔即像的境界。有部分练习者对照字帖能写得很好,一旦离开字站,不管是字形还是结构都降了层次,这就是因为没有使用好背临这一招。学习一个字体最后目的就是要将帖上字化为已用,想要到达这一目的,背临是必经的过程。背临还有两种形式:空背临和心背临。由于这两种方式不存在使用工具、时间、环境等的要求,完全可以利用碎片时间进行练习与巩固。空背临可用手指、木棍等工具在空中、地上或身上,通过记忆比照字帖写。心背临即在心里描摹字帖,在脑中再现每一笔每一画,这种方式适合睡觉前时用。

3、意临

在临写时注入了自己的主观意识,意临是由临摹过渡到创作的必经之路。诸多初学者存在一个问题:练字时喜欢掺杂自己的意识,这是一种正常的现象,但是也是要趁早正视解决的问题,到达意临这个阶段才开始融入主观思维,切不可过早掺入。意临可从为两种,第一种是在原帖字体风格的基础上,使用自己的笔法或结体特征来表现;第二种是在自己字体风格的基础上,使用原站的笔法和结体特征来适应自己的“意”。

注意事项

三种练字方法的合理利用才能在练字过程取得一个不错的效率,需要我们注意如下几点:

1、多临少摹

不止在为期四个多月的练习期间不采用摹写是因为降低了主观能动性。将摹写与临写进行有机结合,以临写为主、摹写为辅的方式取长补短,未必不是一种好的方法。

2、循序渐进

一般而言,从摹写到临写,各项练习方法应当有效穿插,相互作为辅助关系。

3、先专后博

比如不止选择的两本字帖,先《实用行楷字帖》,后《林数因语录行楷》,两本字帖虽然都是荆香鹏的字,但有差别。先打好基础,解决好笔画结构,再进入长篇幅的练习。同时也可以找书家其他字帖,进行广泛吸收。

4、点面结合

在练习前期,笔画与结构的练习往往是结合在一起。由于诸多现代字帖制作是由字体库生成,相同的字没有变化,极有利于练习(也有弊端,不够灵动)。练习中后期,笔画、结构、章法相互穿插练习,可以进行通临,形成面到点,点到面的良性循环。

5、讲究实效

练字不是抄字,做事要做有用功,每一笔、每一字都需要精益求精,不求数量求质量。当今生活节奏过快,部分人练习时总想急于求成,练字不是一朝一夕的事,讲究效率的同时也要注重坚持。

行楷技巧

连写笔画

写行楷书,往往将相邻的笔画连写,以方便书写。

引用草书

为增强行书的流动笔意,注重牵丝连带,调节行气,也可以把人们比较熟悉的草字直接串写在行楷书中。

简化字形

行楷书书写时,由于连写笔画,可以适当减少笔画数、简化了字形,使书写更加便捷。

改变笔顺

行楷书为了连写方便,有一些字改变了楷书的笔画顺序。总体上要保证美感,章法布局上要讲究错落有致,空间布白。

略带斜势

行楷书在书写时,为行笔连带方便,横可以大幅度上斜,字形略带斜势,自成新的体势。

大小相间

行楷书在排行书写时,字形大小,随其自然,大小相间,使行气更加流畅自然。

章法布局排列

字的大小讲究有大有小,错落有致,相得益彰,这样能够使整体更加美观大方。

规律技巧

左短右长

是指左部偏旁较右部要短、而且小。书写时,左部要写小、并略靠上一些,为右部写宽长一些留出位置。这类字的右部往往有撇画向左部的下方伸展,要恰到好处,不能伸的太长。比如:听、作、观等。

左高右低

点竖对正

指在一个字中,有上下两个中竖者,两个中竖应当垂直对正。竖能对正,则字身不倒。在许多字中,中竖决定字的重心,安放位置对与错就决定了这个字的好坏。

左斜右正

凡左右结构者,以左斜右正者居多,左斜为呼,右正为应,有呼无应,字势必殇,有应无呼,无源之水,均不能立,呼者以斜而取势,应者以平而安神,呈左动而右稳,书呼疾而应迟。

左宽右窄

撇捺不相连

上展下收

横长撇短

上紧下松

书写要点

行楷入门,以吴玉生行楷字为例。

常用字“大”字虽然笔画简单,但并不好写,眼睛一看就会,但是写出来总觉得姿态别扭。

为了方便记忆,下面我把“大”字书写要点归结为“3直1弯”。

①横画要直,用中横,要果断,粗壮有力,不宜带弧度;

②竖撇竖要直;

③捺画前半段要直;

④竖撇跨过横画之后,急转弯,弧度非常大。

毛笔行楷

姿势

坐姿

写毛笔字以坐姿为主。一则练二三寸大楷字无须站立,坐着写就行了;二则坐着省力又利于凝神聚气,注意力容易集中。主张写二三寸大楷模也要用立姿的主要原因是为了练习悬肘,其实坐着写也照样可以用悬肘法,关键是方法要正确。正确的坐姿应该是头正、身直、臂开、足安”(见图下)。

头正:指书写时头要摆正,不可偏侧。

身直:指身体要平正、坐直,两肩齐平,当然直立不是要昂首挺胸,而应该肩背放松,自然下沉,身子略向前倾,胸口与桌面保持一多的间隔,切忌弯腰驼背,甚至将下巴枕靠在左手背上。

臂开:指手臂要往前伸开些,同时两臂的肘关节也要向左右撑开,两边基本匀称。

足安:是指两只脚自然地平稳着地,两腿左右略微分开,其位置与肩宽基本相等,肌肉放松。

站姿

站着写毛笔字身子可略往前倾,头部正直稍微有些下俯,左手掌按住桌面上的纸,右手近于伸直,执笔的姿势也要随着站立而改变,手享下覆,手背与手臂几乎成一平面。两脚分开站稳,双足之间的距离与肩宽大致相等。书写时用手腕、手臂的运动来完成;如果写特别大的字,甚至要用腰部的运动来书写,两脚可再分开些,使书写动作可大一些。执笔方法也应随之而变化。

工具

选笔

毛笔

不同阶段,不同水平,学习不同的书体,练习大小不同的字,对应的毛笔也是不同的。

推荐实体店购买,而非网店购买。网店上的东西看不清摸不着,仅能通过几张图片来判断,这种判断方法很难看的真切,因此很多人发现上了当。而在实体店可以好好观察,也可以根据不同的价格的毛笔进行一个对比,从而择优购买,有问题也能在现场发现。

用笔最好还是选择品牌笔,价格虽是稍高点,但质量比较可靠,包括用料和工艺。

范本

平时多看名帖、看书法展、看名家挥毫。从好作品中汲取养分。推荐的以下范本。

书写原则

1、线条坚而浑——激情原自线条的熟练。线是力和势的组合,行笔要沉着痛快,做到稳健、轻便,重笔势(即趋向),根据字形大小排字的走向,线条斜势,整体纵向走势。

2、结体奇而稳——注意重心。欹侧、擒纵、疏密、高低。

3、章法变而贯——竹节式(几个字一节)节数间有空隙;贯珠式(中心线);蛇行式(左右摆动);疏影式(疏疏朗朗)。

布局要点

1、一字不能成行。

2、字与字之间有呼应,上承下启,左映右带,行距和字距不能相等。书眼放中央,可大些,字与周边气贯。

3、整体上展出适合墨迹浓重的作品。挂家中适合疏淡的作品。

4、作品中不能有错别字,异体字不过于冷僻。

5、作品整体布局上面重下面轻。

6、评作品好坏主要看总体视觉效果:节奏、墨色、用笔。

7、三三两两,似散还续,气脉一贯,此布局之妙也。

书写技巧

行楷的连带

笔画连带是行楷书的核心,唯有连带,方能提高书写速度。除了一般上下笔划之间的连带之外,还有一些特殊的连带。

1、改变笔顺。如分、交、布、必、巨、王等字,笔顺改变后,连带顺畅,书写便利。

2、笔画合并。如页、吊、此、高、非等字,笔画合并后,两笔并作一笔,使得上下连贯。  3、笔画省略。如即、动、蜂、龄、它等字的点、小竖、短撇等次要笔画,为了不妨碍连笔,就省略掉了,虽然省略了,但是仍易于辨认。

4、笔画替代。如风、喜、基、具、常、王、能、可等字,这写字大都采取了描摹轮廓的方式来写,用象形笔法勾勒出来,由于约定俗成,已被大家所接受。

要练好行楷,关键要仔细观察字的行笔路线,注意上下衔接,突出主要笔画,减少对笔画的修饰,尽量一气呵成,使字浑然一体。由于书写点画简略,随意自然,行楷给人们以轻松愉快的感觉。

书写特点

行楷的书写特点是连、变、省,其笔画比正楷字的笔画自由,用笔方法也有许多变化。下面我们逐一介绍行楷的基本笔画。

行楷的点画

行楷画卷头尖、腹平、背圆、尾满,前后顾盼。点画都与字的中心呼应。下面是行楷字点画的主要写法:

行楷的横画

行楷字横画多数带钩,与前后笔画呼应或者连接,有长短、精细、俯仰等变化,如果数横并列,要有长短参差,笔势也要有区别。横画在字中往往起平衡作用,因此书写时要注意长短、角度和曲弧。

行楷的竖画

行楷字写竖画不宜太直硬,要适当取斜势或弯曲,收笔有悬针,有垂露,有带钩,有弯弧,但必须把力用到笔端,切忌软散。字中的长竖作适当夸张。

行楷的撇画

行楷字的撇有多种姿态,要注意长短、曲直的变化,书写时常常回锋,做到伸缩有度,与捺相配时要有变化,不能呆板。

行楷的捺画

捺多用在字的右部或者右下角的末笔,有时写成反捺或长点出锋,但要注意带曲,回锋的方向要有变化。

行楷的提画

提又称挑,常在左右结构字左旁的末笔,与右半边联系。写提笔要快而有劲

行楷的折画

行楷字的折画有圆有方,圆转多于方折,圆度要润,方折要顿。

行楷的钩画

行楷字的钩画多变并适度夸张。有些字本来没有钩,可以加钩起连带作用,但要生动求变,饱满有劲,切忌软弱、尖细。

书写关键

八面出锋

借助于八面出锋,自然显出墨色浓淡,湿中有干,干中有湿,浓中有淡,淡中有浓,变化千万,使作品富有节奏感。

刚柔相济

刚力—铁划银钩(粗):柔力—行云流水(细)。

惜墨如金

要求蘸一次墨写一个字,甚至数字。

豁然开朗

留白处有宽有窄,宽处给人以忽然开朗之感。艺术是制造矛盾,到解决矛盾的过程。

中侧并用

中锋得法立骨,侧锋得势求变。中锋是理性的要求,是书法审美的核心所在;侧锋是情性的化身,是书法通神的手段。

深思熟虑

创作前要深思熟虑,反复推敲,做到“胸有成竹”。

一气呵成

书法是感情的流露,不是技巧的表现,要在身体与心情皆好的状态下写字。书写时随意挥洒,一气呵成。

错落有致

一般情况下,作品的行距要宽,字距要紧。字忌并列,要错开。节数间有空隙,排列组合要有节奏,大小字参差,突出中间书眼。

笔情墨趣

书法是无声的音乐,无形的舞蹈。求变化中有呼应,使整体和谐,有强烈的节奏和视觉冲击力。用好拙笔,用笔略慢,动中有静,写出墨趣。

重视贯气

书法的气,是指点划与不同字之间的呼应,字与字之间的趋向。

书写方法

读帖

要练眼,即认真读帖。读帖是基础,要仔细观察字在方格中的高低位置、笔画的连贯映带、疏密和长短等,眼高是手高的前提,对字形要善于观察、分析和比较,大致相同的字合成一类,举一反三,达到事半功倍的效果。

练脑

要练脑或说练心。在细心观察的基础上,要把示范字牢牢地记在心里,只有把字形象记英语单词、背数学公式那样烂熟于心,深深地刻在大脑里,才能熟练运用。无论何时,一旦提到这个字,马上就能想出这个字在字帖上的形状,做到胸有成帖,脑有成字。

练手

练眼和练脑是为了搞清字该怎样写,心中能想出字的最好效果,手下却不一定能写出来,因为脑不一定能指挥得了手,手不一定能指挥得了笔。练手就是要达到心手一致、手笔一致的境界,所以练手也是至关重要的。练手主要是练指力、练腕力、练手感。

练结构

要写好行楷,结构的练习重于笔画的练习。字的结构是指字的笔画的长短比例及笔画间的穿插避让关系。要掌握汉字的结构,大家可以写写黑体字,通过这种字体把结构进行校正,然后加以变化,写其他的字体也就容易一些。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷又称“汉字行楷手写体字形”,是偏重于楷书书写笔法,比楷书行笔自由,又比行草规正的行书字体。是汉字在楷书基础上简约书写笔画、增强书写映带、表现书写意趣的实用性字体。行楷最大的优势在于实用性极强,书写速度快、易识易学。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIcYsIAc6q8UAHoupFfA6Jv"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYaukOIYUqu4uirDWImLVhI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行笔轻盈","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUAAg4qCUSo6KGuqFDmvpHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写楷书,运笔稳实、缓慢,笔画讲究工整、挺健。书写行楷,运笔轻松、便捷,线条追求流畅、明快。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCcIycGWM0kCICoARw4h31d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行笔轻盈","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/07aa7d0ff2be4e8585dc8f7287a33c88","width":366},"text":"","id":"doxcn6eaIKe6qku4eQygEUM7n3y"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"点画灵动","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC4Kq6GGeMC4MyScd0OabDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写楷书,笔画造型完整,点画之间呼应关系含蓄。书写行楷,点画活泼,连带显露,点、钩、挑等动感笔画明显增多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2EEM4UIOggMSo7KjntZCAh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"点画灵动","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/37d3a92a963c4e908f3f31e1a7a3a649","width":372},"text":"","id":"doxcnqC8oAwiiumKUstBwpBAjpc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"字形多变","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC82UOSaoAq8GG4UbvbUo1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的字形平正端庄,通篇整齐均匀,相映如一。行楷字的字形变化多姿,通篇大小相间,正敧相错,同一个字可以有多种写法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2iekUmMgo6SoiiSs7V6a1b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":436,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"字形多变","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b53a66166e1243ab8eea03c77eef8915","width":431},"text":"","id":"doxcnAYAgCE6gSM4g1SmRmWs7Qz"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行楷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oSKw6Oa06U2gVS19IetNg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn08qmQYAGsSkyOI8DWpi9Nc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnciMciCmG8IcCEjBHGJk0Qh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐的坐姿:头正、肩平、臂开、足安;眼离纸一尺高,手离笔尖一寸长,胸离桌子拳头,推荐坐姿如下图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKokEyOQEISoEwPbLbaS4id"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":269,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2518cd45688c4c88b6ad0dc26fa83e68","width":249},"text":"","id":"doxcnS4soUKQwKyCCofbdKxjsEh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQgsMwykeKq0umedSoMmVrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐的握姿:拇指、食指捏住笔,中指抵住笔杆底;余下两指紧相依,指离笔尖一寸余;五指配合齐用力,不松不紧最适宜,推荐握姿如下图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnssCokGGekg8G0UAgW0iUxh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":181,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f6ecdf5dcd674c09844ac3b09d317014","width":260},"text":"","id":"doxcnGYuiweyaGmqkWfgdUpbvhb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4IQSKyg8eYQ8esyWOtcVuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYoWqeCaqQiKKEbPWJleqze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、钢笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyaCk2M6ME8eGaSyV44e6Jc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsG6Ye4omiYEAOs7UZGKLvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS2asmUM8Oc0umYs2RnCLXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwcSUoiKOMOAwolSDNeSgqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYWSoWCMyIac2wXg8H0vTNc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":800,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/143c124cd04042ea8e2dd086dadce517","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcnOimsEeYcU8IUycD6KwzYRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAIOqO4UKUsKiiWblbtqV0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8y80ucmkMEo6Yz690kipzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnguKWaAyGiU8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,至少会从章法、结构、笔画(划)三方面进行解读,这三方面即是要练字的内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4uW6WqcQQUws0SXcSdnWrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"章法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu0IiMSkSoICs0ivuP8j0Ad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"章法是安排布置整幅作品中,字与字、行与行之间呼应、照顾等关系的方法,它着重于字与字之间、行与行之间的协调。章法包含着字形大小、字距远近、字态正奇、黑白分布、落款铃印等,利用这些手段可以使众多单字在特定的风格下形成一种和谐稳定美观又不失趣味的作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsusugEusaIo8MvXg33O1nd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwY2Cok0I4kKa6vEwygEJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构是字内各笔画长短、粗细、疏密、布局等。汉字从结构上分有独体字与合体字两大类。从结构形式看,合体字分为七种,即上下结构、上中下结构、左右结构、左中右结构、半包围结构、全包围结构和品字形结构,巧妙地组织笔画让笔画布局合理,传达的视觉效果越好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnssuKaGa0MoAsuAwL2Ii3nh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画(划)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneeOGiAiIIeW0IKQDaEEH5I"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"永字反映出了“点、横、竖、撇、捺、提、折、钩”八个基本笔画。笔尖与纸面接触的痕迹,反映出笔画力度、角度、粗细、曲直等。笔画作为练字的起点,是最基础也是最核心的,务必加倍重视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniAmUuyA0CaaswvbgJ0S7Ch"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练字方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKCygkWcIKGKUPHW5pSzxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹字帖是当下练字最有效的途径,但是部分人在临摹之前往往忽略了一个前提:读帖。将练字方法分解为三个部分:读帖、摹写、临写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0UMscWAuQkIe5yqi2MeT9"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"读帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGAAk82w28KUOIRlF1S8QLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"读帖需要分析字帖范字的笔画、结构、章法。读帖是一个发挥主观能动性的过程,初步练习时应更多的注重笔画的长短、粗细、徐疾、轻重,笔画之间的俯仰、向背、离合、呼应,字的大小、方圆、高矮、宽窄等等。仔细领会字帖的点画形质、间架结构、气韵神采,才能下笔准确。对同一字帖而言,应从其点画开始,观察其起笔、行笔、收笔如何完成以及同一类笔画之间的细小差别等,再到观察毎个字的间架结构、位置布局和章法,最后则是体味字站的气韵神采、风格特点,为准确地临写做好准备。对不同字帖而言,就比如不止选择的两本字帖,往往起到一个相辅相成的作用,为了解一个字体作好充分的准备。经过观察,不止使用的行楷字帖,不像古帖变化较多,容易学习,方便掌握。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6mgYAAAQOMywycRkaO2uCf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"摹写","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6gYSEGaCkcOkiUDVAvGzle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"市面上流通的大多数摹写字帖采用透明度较高的硫酸纸覆盖在字帖上,按照影子描写(或者猫红)。当你开始使用摹写时前也要详细的读帖,做到心中有数。摹写过程中,尽量与原帖的用笔一致,单字书写一气呵成,不可存在먹笔填笔等问题。摹写有利有弊,不止认为摹写存在降低主观能动性的嫌疑,故整个练字试验过程都没有使用摹写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncqAyo4S6CCSaYTmdDAzshe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临写","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6iM4OiYag0WcQD61VKxzDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临写根据要求的不同可分为对临、背临和意临。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnygOUcU2IMMCIs1Ye474JJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、对临","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni62qGqSGoUMUYNDoHeenTw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可将字帖置于视角左侧或前端,便于准确观察。随着练字形式的多样化,对临时关于字帖的摆放只要适用于自己即可,可通过裁剪字帖放大观察范围,不必拘泥形式。基于读帖,写完后再将自己写的与字帖仔细对照分析,找到不足做出标记,再次临写,循环练习直到与字帖的字高度相以。临写时不可看一笔写一笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncyUQQaEEiUwKsF3SWiJp0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、背临","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA2S06sa2kckwDN9brm2NLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在读帖,摹写,对临这些过程中,应当有所思索、有所比较、有所记忆,将字帖熟记于心,合帖临写,通过背临这种方式来检验自己是否熟练,这种方式就好比背语文课文,作为一种检查手段的同时,也是在巩固字体的练习,以形成记忆模式,达到一种出笔即像的境界。有部分练习者对照字帖能写得很好,一旦离开字站,不管是字形还是结构都降了层次,这就是因为没有使用好背临这一招。学习一个字体最后目的就是要将帖上字化为已用,想要到达这一目的,背临是必经的过程。背临还有两种形式:空背临和心背临。由于这两种方式不存在使用工具、时间、环境等的要求,完全可以利用碎片时间进行练习与巩固。空背临可用手指、木棍等工具在空中、地上或身上,通过记忆比照字帖写。心背临即在心里描摹字帖,在脑中再现每一笔每一画,这种方式适合睡觉前时用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMcQ2kOYemq2qmcI1ebeInc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、意临","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAKoeUoysIM2gE9Ezj6O0Yb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在临写时注入了自己的主观意识,意临是由临摹过渡到创作的必经之路。诸多初学者存在一个问题:练字时喜欢掺杂自己的意识,这是一种正常的现象,但是也是要趁早正视解决的问题,到达意临这个阶段才开始融入主观思维,切不可过早掺入。意临可从为两种,第一种是在原帖字体风格的基础上,使用自己的笔法或结体特征来表现;第二种是在自己字体风格的基础上,使用原站的笔法和结体特征来适应自己的“意”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGYuu2QQuummUchftaOlYJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSEKqU8MukMwuYLyVM9eJ0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三种练字方法的合理利用才能在练字过程取得一个不错的效率,需要我们注意如下几点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM4ci6OkEmCu4Mv7B1q8ayg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、多临少摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UsGEYE2qa4kSq81ldYrEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不止在为期四个多月的练习期间不采用摹写是因为降低了主观能动性。将摹写与临写进行有机结合,以临写为主、摹写为辅的方式取长补短,未必不是一种好的方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8kGcQuiKocsIHa0TtdvKh9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、循序渐进","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIA0wMeKukUIs7pBA3jNXG7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般而言,从摹写到临写,各项练习方法应当有效穿插,相互作为辅助关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2weMMgcMgICQgHri9JdLFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、先专后博","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn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"text","text":"布局要点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0C8AumEsAMuqScsKS82lCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、一字不能成行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOc0ksWyuU2Y4ATMXFv7pKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、字与字之间有呼应,上承下启,左映右带,行距和字距不能相等。书眼放中央,可大些,字与周边气贯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGasoYq4GKYGsecACmzowgd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整体上展出适合墨迹浓重的作品。挂家中适合疏淡的作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0cyk6G2kM2Mc8JWNqfN43f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、作品中不能有错别字,异体字不过于冷僻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8YkomM2yCWCgfldKKZbdc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、作品整体布局上面重下面轻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAeuAikQYIUcU6AMYaLjiMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、评作品好坏主要看总体视觉效果:节奏、墨色、用笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQAaMeOU4oIII3teYgTEPkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、三三两两,似散还续,气脉一贯,此布局之妙也。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4iqiYKKmE0moI7XxDzVdXq"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"布局要点","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e5dcacce4cad4010ad94c4bf926d1548","width":360},"text":"","id":"doxcns2q6MuQS2OYkUFUYR1XDYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAKwy8akk2GOlNevr7eyNe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的连带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG0o6uA0YYe8CuWrldoHTie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画连带是行楷书的核心,唯有连带,方能提高书写速度。除了一般上下笔划之间的连带之外,还有一些特殊的连带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno8SYyoAsoSocOZIZBKiU7L"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、改变笔顺。如分、交、布、必、巨、王等字,笔顺改变后,连带顺畅,书写便利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncsCykwUwgQyCkXIu4UVJFc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、笔画合并。如页、吊、此、高、非等字,笔画合并后,两笔并作一笔,使得上下连贯。  3、笔画省略。如即、动、蜂、龄、它等字的点、小竖、短撇等次要笔画,为了不妨碍连笔,就省略掉了,虽然省略了,但是仍易于辨认。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOYy6OeoucYkqYfm5oVPIeg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、笔画替代。如风、喜、基、具、常、王、能、可等字,这写字大都采取了描摹轮廓的方式来写,用象形笔法勾勒出来,由于约定俗成,已被大家所接受。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniYscSugg4ga4kJKzB7wtCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要练好行楷,关键要仔细观察字的行笔路线,注意上下衔接,突出主要笔画,减少对笔画的修饰,尽量一气呵成,使字浑然一体。由于书写点画简略,随意自然,行楷给人们以轻松愉快的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGCQCeMou2CkAyyiNa3Bstg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE4o0MYkUE0UmWeKpQb4cxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的书写特点是连、变、省,其笔画比正楷字的笔画自由,用笔方法也有许多变化。下面我们逐一介绍行楷的基本笔画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng2aqCSqMucQ6GriKynPoIc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的点画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA0C64w46QSqsstlt7yH0yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷画卷头尖、腹平、背圆、尾满,前后顾盼。点画都与字的中心呼应。下面是行楷字点画的主要写法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGIEQKUwOsoeM8sP960iQHb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":571,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的点画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c7cd854fd45e4de899fe8863de596e9b","width":450},"text":"","id":"doxcncYgsUyM4sSS66mhva0NHhB"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的横画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKYyC4eEYoIkKPxkgIr9ixK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字横画多数带钩,与前后笔画呼应或者连接,有长短、精细、俯仰等变化,如果数横并列,要有长短参差,笔势也要有区别。横画在字中往往起平衡作用,因此书写时要注意长短、角度和曲弧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngaCsoG2GAoQwukjtCX0n69"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":355,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的横画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f5deb7f3e889460583b771ccb2bd1748","width":537},"text":"","id":"doxcn8UuYcU88As6k4KiNBFM5Pc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的竖画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUQ8Kmyc4S0G0qOuxQZlEme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字写竖画不宜太直硬,要适当取斜势或弯曲,收笔有悬针,有垂露,有带钩,有弯弧,但必须把力用到笔端,切忌软散。字中的长竖作适当夸张。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIsACQSQmYUmE8jtVztVsRf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":592,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的竖画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4ebe6c6e082e402290371396cd7a13d5","width":590},"text":"","id":"doxcnuE8UyyK64ME6moE7zHbUlf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的撇画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyCeWYWmogs4Kqgp8hCMKvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字的撇有多种姿态,要注意长短、曲直的变化,书写时常常回锋,做到伸缩有度,与捺相配时要有变化,不能呆板。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI6SMqOyMs8SMGqegxzJXld"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":545,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的撇画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/44e54987821142888f501960daa7e3b5","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnwKQKEG66I4qI0Ia4oXvH3c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的捺画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmcaosE8KQAIwmEE9pflz0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"捺多用在字的右部或者右下角的末笔,有时写成反捺或长点出锋,但要注意带曲,回锋的方向要有变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqQMqOIEkuOiUeKfhqJ8rVT"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":659,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的捺画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/631e14ee1c724642961a834cbfc47eba","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnUOe46mkCgIoICQmdDa8Rrc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的提画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2CUkIkSq6YUaYdnIpKqHwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提又称挑,常在左右结构字左旁的末笔,与右半边联系。写提笔要快而有劲 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4MK8QuaAOYm40WLzS0TJie"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":439,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的提画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ba0891e62d549ff937195b34bf9e80f","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcncCkuYouk6ssmsT06ZDxoSc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的折画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno8eOy0ks4EQqIljp7jUr0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字的折画有圆有方,圆转多于方折,圆度要润,方折要顿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGmy4CU0MgcoSUVQHAqYB2g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":423,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的折画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8711dc90e7e642dd95cf0e67a20bae36","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnWY2wyEWWQkKQMztqVyBQch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的钩画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMwMi8eu2s8S06UT3SKzm9F"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字的钩画多变并适度夸张。有些字本来没有钩,可以加钩起连带作用,但要生动求变,饱满有劲,切忌软弱、尖细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwswImyS0Oae46NA7C35mlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":779,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的折画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/776ce9e7ba5b460383868d7eb282e824","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnG4Wy24uac42aYRHOKhrDEf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写关键","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6o86MmeMUcmkkHLBcIqxCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"八面出锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngoI2owY4EG8qINNFHuTY6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"借助于八面出锋,自然显出墨色浓淡,湿中有干,干中有湿,浓中有淡,淡中有浓,变化千万,使作品富有节奏感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMi6CSowM8wIuYzm00qxlDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刚柔相济","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCKG0SSqAMiiUG2RJNSagMo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刚力—","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"铁划银钩(粗):柔力—","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"行云流水(细)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS0AyiWK04co8UJir8F7Tkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"惜墨如金","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU22cm6iiwWIUgtSXfFRqed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求蘸一次墨写一个字,甚至数字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSwgo86II24yiOONHJDHNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"豁然开朗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmygKyu8gAiQ6OplD7osqVp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留白处有宽有窄,宽处给人以忽然开朗之感。艺术是制造矛盾,到解决矛盾的过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQG04OK2ke0U0gN2BO9SEhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中侧并用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEsOk8Kq6uaoieE67PtMfad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋得法立骨,侧锋得势求变。中锋是理性的要求,是书法审美的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"核心所在;","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"侧锋是情性的化身,是书法通神的手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGYscu8skYuWMnl6PLQWXcM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"深思熟虑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQI8EcImyUakEyabawOXpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作前要深思熟虑,反复推敲,做到“胸有成竹”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4mKQIMo68siohfwOjuh5a"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一气呵成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmGoe46o6aOGYrkbQGiTJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书法是感情的流露,不是技巧的表现,要在身体与心情皆好的状态下写字。书写时随意挥洒,一气呵成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA4SeYSQgyyEc2B0GHS46Le"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"错落有致","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0yIwmIsgGwYGEvjjQ0Bxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般情况下,作品的行距要宽,字距要紧。字忌并列,要错开。节数间有空隙,排列组合要有节奏,大小字参差,突出中间书眼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIgs6IawSuwA8e6o12XYVkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔情墨趣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOoi2iO4OCGWGwHrtxBjXhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书法是无声的音乐,无形的舞蹈。求变化中有呼应,使整体和谐,有强烈的节奏和视觉冲击力。用好拙笔,用笔略慢,动中有静,写出墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaAGSyYusYGaA0YK4jiARyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重视贯气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngUwWOeuwYI0wOoZ4Dee31c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书法的气,是指点划与不同字之间的呼应,字与字之间的趋向。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaAAmUk0uIGQYmKljTaPVSd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwm44O4Q6GY8CuarhxCvxeg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"读帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMKmOesQEoQmUUPRMutQo4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要练眼,即认真读帖。读帖是基础,要仔细观察字在方格中的高低位置、笔画的连贯映带、疏密和长短等,眼高是手高的前提,对字形要善于观察、分析和比较,大致相同的字合成一类,举一反三,达到事半功倍的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUisQUE2w4M8VEjN2dz4D6"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练脑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYyqqQ0SUumUUuinEBUVCsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要练脑或说练心。在细心观察的基础上,要把示范字牢牢地记在心里,只有把字形象记英语单词、背数学公式那样烂熟于心,深深地刻在大脑里,才能熟练运用。无论何时,一旦提到这个字,马上就能想出这个字在字帖上的形状,做到胸有成帖,脑有成字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyU28iuMaKMEUs12rquz09b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练手","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns6Oi8EeSe8qkkNRUT9nOQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练眼和练脑是为了搞清字该怎样写,心中能想出字的最好效果,手下却不一定能写出来,因为脑不一定能指挥得了手,手不一定能指挥得了笔。练手就是要达到心手一致、手笔一致的境界,所以练手也是至关重要的。练手主要是练指力、练腕力、练手感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOcskIEmeugIo2l4FqNoh6J"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练结构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnISwyugGwWSIkEPvx6PS7Ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要写好行楷,结构的练习重于笔画的练习。字的结构是指字的笔画的长短比例及笔画间的穿插避让关系。要掌握汉字的结构,大家可以写写黑体字,通过这种字体把结构进行校正,然后加以变化,写其他的字体也就容易一些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoScscSKaGWEK47RWMAFSAf"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

7. 分光光度计UV1800

除了覆膜,还可以:

1、

采用深墨薄印,即系减少墨量

,比如专色地子墨,可以配的深一些,在正式印刷时墨量小一些,达到样张效果即可,同时增加UV灯输出功率,降低印刷速度,增加受UV灯照射时间,达到干燥效果。此方案适用于老的间歇或者卫星轮转机器及老的UV灯管解决方案。

2、

检查UV灯管是否老化,并清洁反光罩

。通常国产UV灯管使用寿命500-1000小时左右,进口灯管寿命1000-2500小时左右,具体可参考实际使用情况。建议印厂每隔半年左右进行一次UV灯管的清洁工作,保证正常使用。

3、

降低UV灯输出功率

,具体操作为一般印厂印刷活件,色序前几组颜色大多为司标或者小字,所需光照有限,可开抵档UV灯照射,照干即可,不可高档过度照射,因为薄膜材料吸收热能有限,照射过度会造成膜类材料卷曲变形变脆,油墨附着力下降等后果,可遵循先低档后高档的UV灯使用原则。